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9.00 - Introduction to Psychology > 2 - Biology of Mind and Behavior > Flashcards

2 - Biology of Mind and Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental contents

A

Knowledge, beliefs, ideas, desires, feelings

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2
Q

Mental processes

A

Sets of operations that carry out a function, such as attention, or memory, or perception

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3
Q

Sensory neuron

A

A neuron that responds to signals from sensory organs and transmits those to the brain/spinal cord

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4
Q

Motor neuron

A

Neuron that sends signals to muscles in order to control movement

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5
Q

Interneuron

A

Neuron that connects to other neurons

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6
Q

Brain circuit

A

A set of neurons that work together to receive input, and produce output

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7
Q

Axon

A

The sending end of a neuron, long cable like structure extending from the cell body

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8
Q

Terminal button

A

A structure at the end of a branch of an axon that can release chemicals

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9
Q

Dendrite

A

The treelike part of a neuron that receives messages from the axons of other neurons

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10
Q

Resting potential

A

Negative charge within a neuron at least. Arises because of how ions are distributed inside and outside the cell.

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11
Q

Action potential

A

The shifting change in charge that moves down the axon

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12
Q

All or none

A

if the neuron is sufficiently stimulated, it fires. It either fires, or it doesn’t.

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13
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty substance that helps impulses travel down the axon

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14
Q

Synapse

A

where an axon of one neuron sends a signal to the membrane of another neuron (includes the sending portions of the axon, the receiving portions of the next neuron, and the synaptic cleft in between)

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15
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Muscle contraction, memory, arousal

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16
Q

Dopamine

A

motivation, reward, movement, thought, learning

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17
Q

Noradrenaline/norepinephrine

A

Dreaming, attention

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18
Q

Serotonin

A

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter regulating mood, sleep

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19
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

Inhibits sending neuron

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20
Q

Endogenous cannabinoids

A

Memory, attention, emotion, movement control, appetite. **Released by the receiving neuron

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21
Q

Agonist

A

A chemical that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter by activating a type of receptor

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22
Q

Receptor

A

A site on a dendrite or cell body where a neurotransmitter attaches itself (the lock to the neurotransmitter key)

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23
Q

Reuptake

A

the process by which surplus neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft is reabsorbed

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24
Q

Antagonist

A

A chemical that blocks the effect of a neurotransmitter (block receptors)

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25
Q

Glial cell

A

A type of cell that helps neurons to form both synapses and connections when the brain is developing, influences the communication among neurons, and cares for neurons

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26
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

The autonomic nervous system and sensory-somatic nervous system

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27
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Controls smooth muscles, some glandular functions, self-regulating activities

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28
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

(part of the ANS) Fight or Flight:

- speeds heart, increases breathing, dilates pupils, sweat, decreases saliva)

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29
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

(part of the ANS) Slows things down (counteracts the sympathetic)

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30
Q

Sensory-somatic nervous system (SSNS)

A

(part of the PNS) consists of neurons in the sensory organs, and neurons that trigger muscles and glands

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31
Q

Somatic motor system

A

Consists of nerves attached to striated muscles (used voluntarily)

32
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain + spinal cord

33
Q

Reflex

A

an automatic behavioral response to an event

34
Q

Meninges

A

3 protective layered membranes that cover the brain

35
Q

Corpus callosum

A

The large bundles of axons that connects the two halves of the brain

36
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Convoluted pinkish-gray outer layer of the brain. Most mental processes arise here.

37
Q

Subcortical structures

A

Parts of the brain located under the cerebral cortex

38
Q

Sulcus

A

crease in the cortex

39
Q

Gyrus

A

bulge in the cortex

40
Q

Brain system

A

a set of brain circuits that work together to accomplish a task

41
Q

Occipital lobes

A

located at the back of the head, concerned with vision

42
Q

Temporal lobes

A

processing sound, entering new information into memory, storing visual memories, language comprehension
WHAT SYSTEM
Mrs. O’C, Mrs. O’M, music problems

43
Q

Parietal lobes

A

top rear of brain. Attention, arithmetic, spacial location, and touch
WHERE SYSTEM

44
Q

Somatosensory strip

A

gyrus immediately behind the central sulcus. Registers sensations and organized by body part

45
Q

Frontal lobes

A

planning, memory search, motor control, speech control, reasoning, emotions
Donald who killed his girlfriend on PCP and remembered after a contusion here

46
Q

Motor strip

A

gyrus immediately in front of the central sulcus

controls fine movements and organized by body part. aka Primary Motor Cortex

47
Q

Thalamus

A

A subcortical structure that receives signals from sensory and motor systems, plays crucial role in attention & sleep
Switching center, hub

48
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls eating, drinking, body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, sexual behavior

49
Q

Hippocampus

A

Key role in allowing new information to be stored in memory

50
Q

Amygdala

A

Subcortical structure involved in fear, anger, and other strong emotions

51
Q

Limbic system

A

(hippocampus + amygdala + hypothalamus + others) involved in emotions, motivations, fighting, fleeing, feeding, and sex

52
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Subcortical structures that play a role in planning, learning habits, and producing movement

53
Q

Medulla

A

The lowest part of the lower brainstem, automatic control of breathing, swallowing and blood circulation

54
Q

Reticular formation

A

a collection of small structures in the brainstem, responsible for keeping you awake

55
Q

Pons

A

bridge between the medulla and midbrain, connects upper brain to cerebellum

56
Q

Cerebellum

A

A large structure at the base of the brain —physical coordination, estimating time, and paying attention

57
Q

Cortisol

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps the body cope with the extra energy demands of stress

58
Q

Pituitary gland

A

the “master gland”, controlled mainly by the hypothalamus

59
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

A

System glands + hypothalamus that is activated by stress, injury, and infection and works to fight off infection

60
Q

Lesion

A

a region of impaired brain tissue

61
Q

Stroke

A

A cause of brain damage that occurs when blood fails to reach part of the brain

62
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

a tracing of brain waves of electrical fluctuation over time

63
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

A technique for assessing brain activity that relies on recording magnetic waves produced by neural activity

64
Q

Single-cell recording

A

the technique in which micro electrodes are placed in the brain and used to record neural firing rates

65
Q

Computer-assisted tomography (CT)

A

A neuroimaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image of brain structures using x-rays

66
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

A technique that uses magnetic properties of atoms to take sharp pictures of the three-dimensional structure of the brain

67
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

A neuroimaging technique that uses small amounts of radioactive substance to track blood flow or energy consumption in the brain.

68
Q

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

A type of magnetic resonance imagine that detects the amount of oxygen being brought to particular places in the brain, indicating activity

69
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

A technique in which the brain is stimulated from outside by putting a coil on a person’s head and delivering a magnetic pulse

70
Q

Pruning

A

a process by which certain connections among neurons are eliminate (use it or lose it)

71
Q

Plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change as a result of experience

72
Q

Passive interaction

A

Occurs when genetically shaped behavioral tendencies of parents or siblings produce an environment received by the child

73
Q

Evocative (reactive) interaction

A

Occurs when genetically influenced characteristics induce other people to behave in particular ways

74
Q

Active interaction

A

Occurs when people choose (based on genetic tendencies) to put themselves in specific situations and avoid others

75
Q

Heritability

A

The degree to which the variability of a characteristic or ability in a population is due to genetics, given a specific environment.

76
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Function, Local

77
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

Appearance, Global

9.00 - Introduction to Psychology (7 decks)

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