6. Inheritance, Genes, & Chromosomes Part 1 Flashcards
there are #___ hypotheses that state why offspring ressemble their parents what are they called?
2
Blending inheritance
particulate inheritance
*****the 1st hypothesis is _____ inheritance this means?
blending
heredity (eye color, height, etc) are mixed up and cannot be seperated
[fruit smoothie - so chunks of fruit are mixed up and cannot be separated]
the alternative hypothesis is _____ inheritance this states?
that heredity (eye color, height, etc0 are DISTINCT UNITS/DO NOT BLEND in the offspring so they remain distinct units that can then be seperated back out [fruit salad]
________ ________ used the scientific method to study these 2 hypotheses to try to work out what?
gregor mendel
to see which inheritance worked
Gregor Mendel choose _____ ____ as his organism because the ______ on this organism has both _____ & _____ parts
garden peas
flower
male and female
the female part of the garden pea is called _____ that turns into?
and the _____ is what carries out ____ (this is the male part)
ovulate
peas
stamen
pollen
why are garden peas a great model organism?
you can snip off the male organs and choose what pollen will actually pollenate the eggs
define character and examples
observable part
seed shape, seed size, seed texture, flower color
define trait and examples
form of that character
red or purple flowers (character would be color and trait would be SPECIFIC color)
smooth or wrinkled seed (character would be shape and trait is SPECIFICALLY how the shape is)
define phenotype
observable properties of an individual (what we SEE and OBSERVE)
phenotypes are a combo of ___ and ____
genetic and enviormental
Mendel worked with ____-____ varieties
true breeding
what does true breeding mean?
it means if you cross a white flower with a white flower it will have white flower babies or smooth peas + smooth. peas = smooth pea babies
Mendel took pollen from one plant and transferred it to another these where called?
p generation (parental generation)
the offspring of p generation are called?
F1 generation (first-filial gen)
define filial
offspring
the ____ plants : _____ _____ and produced ____ (______ ______ generation)
F1 self pollinated
F2. second filial
in Mendel’s 1st set of experience he did _____ crosses, give an ex.
This mean F1 generations were?
monohybrid crosses
pea + pea from P generation and only look at ONE specific trait like flower color or pea texture
monohybrid
what are monohybrid crosses?
looking only at ONE specific trait
F1 generation are _______
monohybrids
mendel crossed #__ traits and all gave ____ results
7
similar
the trait that occurred in the F1 generation is ____ and the one that disappeared and reappeared in the ___ generation is ____
dominant
F2 recessive
in the F2 generation the ratio of dominant - to -recessive trait was always?
3:1
Mendel proposed that each ___ has #__ copy of each gene but the resulting ___ has #___ copies because?
gamete 1 copy
zygote 2 copies
it is produced by the fusion of 2 gametes
define diploid
having 2 copies of each gene
define haploid
1 copy of each gene
Mendel’s 1st law of inheritance is?
Explain
law of segregation
during the formation of gamete (egg or sperm) the 2 copies of that gene will separate
different traits arise from ____ form of a gene that are called ___
different
alleles
if an individual has #___ alleles that are the same (RR, rr) they care called ___
2
homozygous
homozygous either has #__ copies of recessive or #__ copies of dominant form of the gene
2
if an individual has #__ _____ alleles were one is dominant and another recessive (Rr) it is called?
2 different
heterozygous
DNA molecules make up ….
chromsomes
genes a segment of ____ that codes for ____
DNA. proteins
_______ ______ ensure we are counting ALL possible combos that’s will result of breeding one individual with another individual
Punnett squares
round and wrinkled produce ?
phenotypes
the ____ alleles are expressed (translated into ______)
dominant
proteins
_____ alleles are mutated produce a _____-______ protein or?
recessive
non functional
protein is NOT EXPRESSED
**the _____ seed is the recessive phenotype is due to?
wrinkled
the absence of an enzyme that produces starch branching that takes up space
NOT HAVING THIS ENZYME will not press on the outside so peas are wrinkled
for round seeds there are #__ possible allies combos what are they?
2
Rr or RR
Mendel figured out what genotype it was by ______ it with a ______ recessive called _____ ____ (weather it was RR or Rr)
crossing
homozygous
test crosses
if a ____ trait shows ip in the F1 gen yk what you have a ______
recessive
heterozygote
gametes are _____
haploid
RRYY order in sequence for punnet squares is?
1;3 , 1;4 , 2;3, 2;4
in a dihybrid cross the ratio of phenotypes in F2 generation is?
what does it mean?
9:3:3:1
9 display dominant
3 display w dominant trait
3 display w reccessive trait
1 display both recessive
Mendel’s second law is _____ ______, this is copies of ____ genes now assort ____
independent assortment
different
independently
_____ segregate ______ during gamete formation so any #__ genes that are located on different chromosomes are entirely ___ from one another
chromsomes independelty
2 different
human genetics rely on ______ , they basically are _____ ____ that have info about the trait in question (weather the people have the trait or not)
pedigrees
family trees
pedigrees are often used to determine weather a ____ allele(trait) is dominant or recessive
rare
for ___ ____ allele every affected person has a _____ parent and about ___ the offspring of an affected parent are also ____
rare dominat
affected
half of
affected
for _____ _____ alleles a carrier mother mates with unaffected male and they have carrier children so ____ people can have #_ parents who are unaffected because?
this will happen a ___ of the time
rare recessive
affected 2
they transmitt the recessive allele to their offspring
quarter
you are more likely to share a rare recessive allele with?
and it ____ a generation
your relatives
skips
