3. Cell cycle

Question 1

growth is ______ _______ , _____ _____ ice Las o very important to reproduction as well as wound healing/ regeneration is also _______ _______ for all organisms weather they are ______ or _______ all cell division is characterized by #___ main events

Answer 1

cell division , cell division, cell division, prokaryote or eukaryote

Question 2

there are #____ main events in cell division

Answer 2

4

Question 3

*** what are the main event in cell division? EXPLAIN

Answer 3

1. signal ( what will tell the cell to divide)
2. the DNA will be replicated ( copied)
3. DNA will be segregated (seperated)
4. cytokenisis (separation of the rest of the cell contents and division of cell membrane)

Question 4

the main events in cell division occur in _____ & _____ BUT these events occur ____

Answer 4

prokaryote and eukaryote , DIFFERENTLY

Question 5

cell division in ____(ex. bacteria or archea) is a process called _______ _____ which menas? ______ _____ #__ organisms and the resulting cells are _____/____ of the ___ cells

Answer 5

prokaryotes , binary fusion, splitting into 2 , copies/clones of the OG cells

Question 6

in prokaytores cell division _______ are _______ ________ so it tell the cell when conditions are right and its time to divide examples being ________ _________, __________ or Ph that can support a larger population of that prokaryote (THIS IS #1 OF CELL DIVISON)

Answer 6

signals are external environmental , nutrient availability, temp

Question 7

most prokaryotes in _____ _____ to tends to occur in a very ____ way because they have #__ ________ so this molecules contains all he DNA

Answer 7

DNA replication , specific , 1 chromosome

Question 8

the ________ in prokaryotes tend to be ______ and has #___ important regions called ____ & _____

Answer 8

chromsomes , circular , 2 , ori and ter

Question 9

ori means and refers to as for ter means and refers to as??? what does this mean?

Answer 9

ori refers to original and ter refers to terminus , this means where replication starts and where replication ends

Question 10

after the cell division signal enter the cell the ____ region of the circular _____ will enter the ______ complex that is a whole bunch of _____ that are contained int he cell that the ____ region will move to

Answer 10

ori , chromosome , replication , ori

Question 11

DNA replication happens in the ___ region and it will move ___ and ___ to complete itself to reach the ____ region on the oppistre side of the chromosome

Answer 11

ori , left and right , ter

Question 12

after DNA replication is complete the __ region of every chromosome will move to?

Answer 12

ori , the opposite ends/poles of the cell

Question 13

_______ is the last step and where the ____ ____ will pinch in a bit and a bunch of ____ ____ will for a _____, that will make the cell into separate cells this results in?

Answer 13

cytokenesis , cell membrane, protein fibers, ring , new cell wall materials are produced and makes 2 serprate cells

Question 14

outside signals for cell devision in ______ DOESNT work instead _____ _____ is related to the ____ of the whole organism this means (2)?

Answer 14

eurakyotes, cell division , NEEDS…. the need of an organism and comes from INSIDE the body/organism itself

Question 15

DNA replication in eukaryotes have more than #__ ______, it starts at the ___ region on the chromosome and is limited to #__ ____ part of the cell cycle

Answer 15

1 chromosome , ori, 1 specific

Question 16

_______ happens differently in ____ and ___ cells because ____ cells have ____ cell walls.

Answer 16

Cytokensis , plant and animal, plant have rigid cell walls

Question 17

cell divison produces #__ cells

Answer 17

2

Question 18

there are #__ phases within the cell cycle but #__ are grouped together called _____ which is basically everything except ___ and it length is highly ___ meaning some cells will have a long phase and other cell a short phase

Answer 18

4 , 3, interphase , mitosis , variable

Question 19

there are #__ subphases called _______ (NAME THEM & EXPLAIN)

Answer 19

3 , interphase, G1 (growth) , S (synthesis.. where DNA is replicated) and G2 (growth 2/ prepare for mitosis)

Question 20

during G1 phase chromosomes are _____ so basically #__ copy of each chromosome in each cell and this phase is _____ (long time or short time)

Answer 20

unreplicated , 1 , variable

Question 21

G0 phase means?

Answer 21

cell is not progressing into the cell cycle (resting stage)

Question 22

G1 phase ends at a transition called? what happens during this transition

Answer 22

G1-to- S transition, the cell COMMITS to DNA replication

Question 23

the cell will enter ___ phase one it has been committed to DNA replication

Answer 23

S

Question 24

S phase aka (_____ _____) is where DNA ______

Answer 24

DNA synthesis and is where DNA is REPLICATED

Question 25

the ______ ______ in S phase stays together or is seperated?

Answer 25

replicated chromosome , STAYS TOGATHER

Question 26

once a chromosome is _____ you now have a chromosome that is made of #__ ______ ____ which are ______ copies of the ____ chromosome , this new chromosome is held together by a ____

Answer 26

replicated, 2 sister chromatids, identical , OG , centromere

Question 27

After S phase is completed the cell will enter the ___ phase and in this phase the cell prepares itself for ___ aka DNA segregation so that each _____ cell has the ____ # of _______

Answer 27

G2 , mitosis, daughter , right , chromatids

Question 28

___ phase includes mitosis and _____

Answer 28

M , cytokenesis

Question 29

cell cycle has to be ____ because an ____ cell cycle is bad news

Answer 29

regulated, unregulated

Question 30

there are ___ signals that trigger the cell to enter into a ____ phase and these signals progress through the cell being controlled by ____ _____ called?

Answer 30

specific , different, specific enzymes , cyclin- dependent kinases (CDK)s

Question 31

what are kinases

Answer 31

catalyze the transfer of phosphate group from ATP to another protein

Question 32

why are these enzymes called cyclin- dependent kinases

Answer 32

they depend on the presence of absence of cyclins, it is called a cyclin because it has an active part of the cell cycle (it is a protein and regulates the transition through different stages of the cell cycle)

Question 33

the transfer of a phosphate group to a ____ so the addition of this phosphate group changes the _____ & _____ of this _____

Answer 33

protein, shape and function of this protein

Question 34

the G1-to-S transition commits the cell to ____ _______ and _____ _____ called the ______ ______

Answer 34

DNA replicattion and the DNA segregation called the restriction point

Question 35

what is a restriction point?

Answer 35

specific check point that allows the cell to move into the cell cycle

Question 36

so progress past the restriction point depends on a ____ called _______ aka ….

Answer 36

protein called retinoblastoma (RB)

Question 37

the presence of ___ usually inhibits the ___ _____ so cell that has a lot of ___ will stay in __ and not complete the cell cycle

Answer 37

RB, cell cycle, G1

Question 38

CDK’s regulate the cell cycle so ___ need to be ___ and they are ___ by?

Answer 38

CDKS , regulated by the presence or absence of cyclin

Question 39

CDKS are always ____ but ____ that they depend on are only made at?

Answer 39

present , cyclins , at certain points in the cell cycle

Question 40

cyclin CDKs are active e at all the ___ ______ _____

Answer 40

cell cycle checkpoints

Question 41

if DNA is damages a special protein called ____ protein , this will bind to the G1 CDKS which will prevent them to bind to cyclin that would allow to phosphorylate ___ (this will pause the movement of ______ ____ until DNA is ______)

Answer 41

P21, RB , cell cycle, repaired