3. Cell cycle Flashcards
growth is ______ _______ , _____ _____ ice Las o very important to reproduction as well as wound healing/ regeneration is also _______ _______ for all organisms weather they are ______ or _______ all cell division is characterized by #___ main events
cell division , cell division, cell division, prokaryote or eukaryote
there are #____ main events in cell division
4
*** what are the main event in cell division? EXPLAIN
- signal ( what will tell the cell to divide)
- the DNA will be replicated ( copied)
- DNA will be segregated (seperated)
- cytokenisis (separation of the rest of the cell contents and division of cell membrane)
the main events in cell division occur in _____ & _____ BUT these events occur ____
prokaryote and eukaryote , DIFFERENTLY
cell division in ____(ex. bacteria or archea) is a process called _______ _____ which menas? ______ _____ #__ organisms and the resulting cells are _____/____ of the ___ cells
prokaryotes , binary fusion, splitting into 2 , copies/clones of the OG cells
in prokaytores cell division _______ are _______ ________ so it tell the cell when conditions are right and its time to divide examples being ________ _________, __________ or Ph that can support a larger population of that prokaryote (THIS IS #1 OF CELL DIVISON)
signals are external environmental , nutrient availability, temp
most prokaryotes in _____ _____ to tends to occur in a very ____ way because they have #__ ________ so this molecules contains all he DNA
DNA replication , specific , 1 chromosome
the ________ in prokaryotes tend to be ______ and has #___ important regions called ____ & _____
chromsomes , circular , 2 , ori and ter
ori means and refers to as for ter means and refers to as??? what does this mean?
ori refers to original and ter refers to terminus , this means where replication starts and where replication ends
after the cell division signal enter the cell the ____ region of the circular _____ will enter the ______ complex that is a whole bunch of _____ that are contained int he cell that the ____ region will move to
ori , chromosome , replication , ori
DNA replication happens in the ___ region and it will move ___ and ___ to complete itself to reach the ____ region on the oppistre side of the chromosome
ori , left and right , ter
after DNA replication is complete the __ region of every chromosome will move to?
ori , the opposite ends/poles of the cell
_______ is the last step and where the ____ ____ will pinch in a bit and a bunch of ____ ____ will for a _____, that will make the cell into separate cells this results in?
cytokenesis , cell membrane, protein fibers, ring , new cell wall materials are produced and makes 2 serprate cells
outside signals for cell devision in ______ DOESNT work instead _____ _____ is related to the ____ of the whole organism this means (2)?
eurakyotes, cell division , NEEDS…. the need of an organism and comes from INSIDE the body/organism itself
DNA replication in eukaryotes have more than #__ ______, it starts at the ___ region on the chromosome and is limited to #__ ____ part of the cell cycle
1 chromosome , ori, 1 specific
_______ happens differently in ____ and ___ cells because ____ cells have ____ cell walls.
Cytokensis , plant and animal, plant have rigid cell walls
cell divison produces #__ cells
2
there are #__ phases within the cell cycle but #__ are grouped together called _____ which is basically everything except ___ and it length is highly ___ meaning some cells will have a long phase and other cell a short phase
4 , 3, interphase , mitosis , variable
there are #__ subphases called _______ (NAME THEM & EXPLAIN)
3 , interphase, G1 (growth) , S (synthesis.. where DNA is replicated) and G2 (growth 2/ prepare for mitosis)
during G1 phase chromosomes are _____ so basically #__ copy of each chromosome in each cell and this phase is _____ (long time or short time)
unreplicated , 1 , variable
G0 phase means?
cell is not progressing into the cell cycle (resting stage)
G1 phase ends at a transition called? what happens during this transition
G1-to- S transition, the cell COMMITS to DNA replication
the cell will enter ___ phase one it has been committed to DNA replication
S
S phase aka (_____ _____) is where DNA ______
DNA synthesis and is where DNA is REPLICATED
the ______ ______ in S phase stays together or is seperated?
replicated chromosome , STAYS TOGATHER
once a chromosome is _____ you now have a chromosome that is made of #__ ______ ____ which are ______ copies of the ____ chromosome , this new chromosome is held together by a ____
replicated, 2 sister chromatids, identical , OG , centromere
After S phase is completed the cell will enter the ___ phase and in this phase the cell prepares itself for ___ aka DNA segregation so that each _____ cell has the ____ # of _______
G2 , mitosis, daughter , right , chromatids
___ phase includes mitosis and _____
M , cytokenesis
cell cycle has to be ____ because an ____ cell cycle is bad news
regulated, unregulated
there are ___ signals that trigger the cell to enter into a ____ phase and these signals progress through the cell being controlled by ____ _____ called?
specific , different, specific enzymes , cyclin- dependent kinases (CDK)s
what are kinases
catalyze the transfer of phosphate group from ATP to another protein
why are these enzymes called cyclin- dependent kinases
they depend on the presence of absence of cyclins, it is called a cyclin because it has an active part of the cell cycle (it is a protein and regulates the transition through different stages of the cell cycle)
the transfer of a phosphate group to a ____ so the addition of this phosphate group changes the _____ & _____ of this _____
protein, shape and function of this protein
the G1-to-S transition commits the cell to ____ _______ and _____ _____ called the ______ ______
DNA replicattion and the DNA segregation called the restriction point
what is a restriction point?
specific check point that allows the cell to move into the cell cycle
so progress past the restriction point depends on a ____ called _______ aka ….
protein called retinoblastoma (RB)
the presence of ___ usually inhibits the ___ _____ so cell that has a lot of ___ will stay in __ and not complete the cell cycle
RB, cell cycle, G1
CDK’s regulate the cell cycle so ___ need to be ___ and they are ___ by?
CDKS , regulated by the presence or absence of cyclin
CDKS are always ____ but ____ that they depend on are only made at?
present , cyclins , at certain points in the cell cycle
cyclin CDKs are active e at all the ___ ______ _____
cell cycle checkpoints
if DNA is damages a special protein called ____ protein , this will bind to the G1 CDKS which will prevent them to bind to cyclin that would allow to phosphorylate ___ (this will pause the movement of ______ ____ until DNA is ______)
P21, RB , cell cycle, repaired
