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BIO EXAM#4 > 1. Photosynthesis: Energy from sunlight > Flashcards

1. Photosynthesis: Energy from sunlight Flashcards

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1
Q

photosynthesis is the process of…

A

light energy is converted to chemical energy like sugars

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2
Q

sugars(glucose) are constructed by …

A

water and CO2

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3
Q

oxygen in photosynthesis is released as a ______

A

byproduct

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4
Q

CO2 + H2O =

A

glucose(other sugars) and oxygen

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5
Q

glucose is very important because it provides?

A

chemical energy that we can use

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6
Q

The carbon bonds in glucose (C6H12O6) is a source of?
that can be used to do what?

A

energy
fuel other processes

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7
Q

glucose allows for ___ to be ___ from molecule through processes of (2)?

A

energy , harvested, aerobic respiration and fermentation

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8
Q

photosynthesis is the most prominent ex/form of?

A

carbon fixation

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9
Q

what is carbon fixation?

A

CO2 bring FIXED into a usable form for other process (CO@ being FIXED into glucose)

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10
Q

organisms that carry out ______ are called ______

A

photosynthesis , autotrophs

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11
Q

what are autotrophs?

A

self feeding organisms

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12
Q

what do autotrophs need?

A

energy from the sun, H2O, and CO2

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13
Q

examples of autotrophs are?

A

plants, bacteria, algae

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14
Q

in contrast to autotrophs there are _____ organisms

A

heterotrophs

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15
Q

what are heterotrophs known as and what are they?

A

“other feeders”, WE HUMANS are heterotrophs we need to eat autotrophs to get out food (we depend on others)

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16
Q

example of heterotrophs

A

animals

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17
Q

that main difference between animal cells and plant cells is?

A

rigid cell wall

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18
Q

heterotrophs depend on ?

A

autotrophs

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19
Q

in plants where does the action of photosynthesis take place?

A

chloroplast

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20
Q

plants do both what?

A

photosynthesis and aerobic respiration

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21
Q

what you need for photosynthesis is?

A

H2O, CO2, and energy from sun

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22
Q

on all plant leaves there are structures called?

A

stomata

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23
Q

define stomata

A

“plant nostrils”, gases ar exchanged here, when CO2 comes in O2 and H20 escape

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24
Q

chloroplast are ________ ___________ where _________ occurs!

A

specialized organelles , photosynthesis

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25
Q

Chloroplast also have an _______ membrane, ________ membrane, and a ___________ __________

A

inner, outer, membrane space

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26
Q

in the inter membrane space of a chloroplast what does it contain?

A

pancake like structure called thylakoids

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27
Q

thylakoid membrane contain?

A

green pigments called chlorophyll

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28
Q

what occurs in thylakoids?

A

where light dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur

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29
Q

what is chlorophyll & what does it do?

A

green pigments inside thylakoids , captures energy from the sun

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30
Q

what are thylakoids surrounded by?

A

fluid filled space called stroma

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31
Q

photosynthesis involves #__ pathways called?

A

2, light dependent and carbon fixation reactions

32
Q

True or False? light reactions and carbon fixation are there own thing?

A

false, they are connected

33
Q

light reactions occur in the ?
and what happens in this process?

A

inside of thylakoids
light enters then water is consumed and O2 is released

34
Q

what do light reactions produce?

A

ATP and an electron carrier called NADPH

35
Q

how are light reactions and carbon fixation reaction connected?

A

because the ATP and NADPH are used in carbon fixation reactions that stitches C from CO2 into sugar

36
Q

light is a form of _____ that displays _______ _________

A

energy, electromagnetic radiation

37
Q

***** electromagnetic radiation travels in?

A

waves….. so some waves are small and others are large and @ the center is light but only a bit of it is visible to humans called visible light spectrum that ranges from violet/blue to red

38
Q

light also behaves as a ________, package of light, called ______

A

particles , photons

39
Q

**what are the 3 ways a photon hits a molecule?

A
  1. bounce off (scattered/ reflected)
  2. pass through (transmitted)
  3. be absorbed
40
Q

what happens to a molecule when it absorbs a photon?

A

the molecule (e-) enters an excited state

41
Q

what are the molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light called?

A

pigments

42
Q

chlorophyll absorbs _____ & ______ light and scatters ______

A

blue & red…. green

43
Q

when a photon is absorbed by a molecule what happens….

A

it will boost a e- into a electron shell called the excited state

44
Q

what is the excited state?

A

highly unstable/energetic/ reactive state

45
Q

the major pigment in photosynthesis is?

A

chlorophyll b

46
Q

the pigment molecules are arranged in ______-________ ___________ or _______ _________

A

light-harvesting complexes or antenna systems

47
Q

** the light harvesting complexes aka antenna systems are like?
and why are they compared to that?

A

wedges of an orange because they surround the reaction center of the photosystem , the reaction center si where the light reactions occur

48
Q

when a photon comes in and hits a chlorophyll it is _______ by ______-_______ ________ & then _________ into the ________ __________

A

captured by light-harvesting reactions and then transferred to the reaction center

49
Q

***how does a e- from a molecule reach the reaction center?

A

photon comes in hits chlorophyll it boost e- into an excited state but the energy is quickly lost so that lost energy goes to another chlorophyll to another chlorophyll until it reaches the reaction center (in the middle)

50
Q

in the reaction center, the ______ energy is converted into _______ energy.

A

light energy , chemical energy

51
Q

the excited chlorophyll a molecule ______ ___ an e- to an _____ ______

A

gives up, electron acceptor

52
Q

give an ex of a redox reaction of thylakoids?

A

(OIL RIG) chlorophyll gets oxidized (loose electrons) and the electron acceptor is being released because it is gaining electrons

53
Q

what is the connection between light dependent reaction & the Calvin cycle?

A

the chemical energy of light dependent reaction in the form of ATP and the reduced form of the electron carrier NADPH these are needed for the next stage (Calvin cycle)

54
Q

are there pathways to produce ATP & NADPH? if so how many& what are they called?

A

YES! 2 pathways … cyclic electron transport & noncyclic electron transport

55
Q

what does the cyclic electron transport use?

A

PS1 (only ATP)

56
Q

what does noncyclic electron transport use?

A

PS1 and PS2 (NADPH & ATP)

57
Q

*****photosystem 2 has?

A

special chlorophyll that has electron boosted off then passed to an electron carrier BUT chlorophyll is missing an e- so the e- gets replaced by splitting a water molecule and the rest of the products are oxygen and 2 H+

58
Q

***** where does oxygen come from during photosynthesis 2 and is it necessary?

A

through the splitting water IT IS NECESSARY

59
Q

what happens to the by product O2 in PS2?

A

some use to fuel aerobic respiration in mitochondria inside cell and the rest is passed out to the stomata and becomes air our we breathe

60
Q

what happens to the e- once it is boosted and replaced by e- from H2O?

A

the high energy from e- is passed through a series of protein embedded in thylakoid membrane but loose energy as it goes, the lost energy is being used to pump protons (H+) from the stromata (fluid around/outside thylakoid) to thylakoid interior building a concentration gradient this is by protons(H+) from splitting on H2O

61
Q

photosystem 1 is a ______-______ cycle?

A

non- cyclic cycle

62
Q

how does photosystem 1 get an e-?

A

the e- from PS2 passes through electron transport chain and replace for PS1

63
Q

what happens after PS1 has the e- (non-cyclic cycle)

A

the e- is boosted and gets passed through several protein carriers and ends up in the NADP+ reduces forming NADPH

64
Q

in short…. what are the 3 steps to non cyclic cycle and what are the by products?

A

PS2- PS1- NADPH, ATP and NADPH and oxygen

65
Q

for every e- that gets boosted there is …..

A

1 ATP and 1 NADPH

66
Q

the carbon fixation reaction/ Calvin cycle require?

A

2 ATP for every 1 NADPH

67
Q

the cyclic electron transport _____ _______ ____

A

only uses PS1

68
Q

where does the cyclic electron transport get its e-?

A

light harvesting complex passes energy to chlorophyll in the center that fully boost e- that is passed through protein carrier that pumps protons across membrane and the e- REPLACES ITSELF

69
Q

what does the cyclic electron transport produce?

A

make more ATP in carbon fixation reactions (JUST ATP)

70
Q

define photophosphorlyation

A

phosphorylating ADP (so adding a Pi to ADP using energy from light)

71
Q

ATP is formed by?

A

photophosphorlyzation

72
Q

how many processes for ATP to be made?

A

3

73
Q

cyclic electron transport ONLY PRODUCES

A

ATP

74
Q

the non cyclic electron transport produces

A

ATP & NADPH and O2

75
Q

in the non cyclic transport there is #___ ATP for every #__ NADPH

A

1

76
Q

which cycle produces more ATP?

A

cyclic

77
Q

Cyclic only uses ____, to do what?

A

PS1, to build a higher concentration gradient (pumping more protons into the interior thylakoid) and the e- is replacing itself to build more ATP.

BIO EXAM#4 (7 decks)

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