6-Human Retroviruses and HIV Pathogenesis

Question 1

What is the causative agent in Adult T cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL)?

Answer 1

HTLV-1

Question 2

What can cause HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP)?

Answer 2

HTLV-1 and 2

Question 3

What percent of people are asymptomatically infect by HTLV?

Answer 3

93%

Question 4

What type of disease is HTLV considered?

Answer 4

non-contagious

Question 5

What are the 3 routes of HTLV transmission?

Answer 5

Breast Feeding - 25% transmission rate
Sex
IV drug use

Question 6

What type of HIV has the most cases in West Africa and not many in the US; slower progression?

Answer 6

HIV-2

Question 7

What drugs is HIV-2 resistant to?

Answer 7

Drugs used to treat HIV-1

Question 8

What are the majority of cells HIV infects?

Answer 8

CD4+ T cells

Question 9

Upon initial acute HIV infection it uses … receptor; only one virus infects a person - that virus is … restricted?

Answer 9

CCR5

Question 10

Where does HIV establish an infection and then remains during chronic infection?

Answer 10

(GALT) Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Question 11

The HIV infection of the GALT early on in infection results in what two things?

Answer 11

disbiosis in the gut and leakage of LPS into the blood

Question 12

During acute infection, where can HIV establish an infection?

Answer 12

Brain - HIV can cross the BBB

Question 13

What type of cells are established during the acute phase of HIV infection, they are very long lived; if antiviral drugs are removed the virus from these cells will reseed the infection?

Answer 13

Latently infected HIV cells

Question 14

Without treatment what percentage of people who are infected with HIV will develop AIDS and die from opportunistic infections or cancer?

Answer 14

95%

Question 15

What is the average time from infection until developing AIDS (without treatment)?

Answer 15

10 years

Question 16

In Chronic HIV Infection there is a gradual loss of CD4+ T cells and near the development of AIDS a loss of what cells also occurs?

Answer 16

CD8 T cells

Question 17

What results from continuing Chronic HIV Infection in the brain; before cART 20% of the people infected would proceed to this disease?

Answer 17

(HAD) HIV Associated Dementia

Question 18

At what CD4 count do a large majority of opportunistic infections start?

Question 19

What are the 2 names for HIV treatment?

Answer 19

(HAART) Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy

(cART) Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

Question 20

Name 3 benefits of starting HIV treatment early.

Answer 20

1. Less immune dysfunction
2. Less severe neurological effects-possible not proven
3. Potential for lower amount of latently infected cells

Also:

• Less dysfunction in the GALT
• CD4 counts can reach unaffected levels