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Microbiology > 2-How Viruses Replicate and How to Stop it - Antivirals > Flashcards

2-How Viruses Replicate and How to Stop it - Antivirals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the primary receptor in HIV?

A

CD4

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2
Q

What are the secondary receptors in HIV?

A

CCR5 or CXCR4

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3
Q

What does Influenza use as its receptor?

A

silica acid

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4
Q

The ability of a virus to only infect certain cells; the viral receptor helps determine what cells the virus can infect; also what species the virus can infect (zoonotic transmission).

A

Tropism

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5
Q

In one mode of entry, both enveloped and naked viruses can be endocytosed, what helps the virus enter the cell?

A

the lower pH of the endosome

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6
Q

What viruses have an early, middle, and late part of replication?

A

DNA viruses like Herpes

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7
Q

Which DNA viruses do not have viral DNA polymerase and have to use the cell DNA polymerase to replicate; can sometimes cause cell cycle dysregulation and doesn’t kill the cell, so now there is a chance for a cancer causing event?

A

Papilloma, Polyoma, Parvo

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8
Q

What is the only virus in the Hepadnavirus family?

A

HBV

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9
Q

What does HBV have that allows some HIV drugs to be used in HBV infections?

A

Reverse transcriptase - HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors

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10
Q

What viruses all have a latent stage?

A

Herpes

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11
Q

What is mRNA the same as?

A

+ssRNA

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12
Q

What is the first thing a +ssRNA virus does when it enters a cell?

A

make a polyproteins (except retroviruses)

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13
Q

What do all +ssRNA viruses have in order to cleave the polyprotein to make individual viral proteins?

A

viral protease

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14
Q

What do all +ssRNA viruses need to make because they need to make more RNA from their own RNA?

A

viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase

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15
Q

What do all +ssRNA viruses have that are great targets for antiviral drugs?

A

viral protein, viral polymerase

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16
Q

What are +ssRNA viruses that have 2 copies of the same genetic material?

A

Retroviruses

17
Q

What steps in RNA replication can be inhibited by antivirals?

A
  1. Entry Inhibitors
  2. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
  3. Integrase Inhibitors
  4. Protease Inhibitors

Not Assembly (#4)

18
Q

Retroviruses are unique because they make a DNA copy of themselves by … and integrate that copy into the host cell chromosome, the viral DNA copy is in the cell for the life of the cell - only way to get rid of virus is if the cell dies.

A

reverse transcriptase

19
Q

What is the first thing -ssRNA viruses do when they enter the cell?

A

make mRNA from their -ssRNA using a viral polymerase they carry into the cell with them in their virus

20
Q

What is a defective virus (no RNA polymerase) that absolutely needs to co-infect a cell with HBV to replicate?

A

HDV

21
Q

What antiviral for HIV is the reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is a chain terminator?

A

(NRTI) Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

22
Q

What antiviral for HIV is the reverse transcriptase inhibitor that binds to reverse transcriptase and prevents its ability to make DNA?

A

(NNRTI) Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

23
Q

What do the antiviral drugs for HCV block?(3)

A

viral protease, viral polymerase, NS5A (viral protein)

24
Q

What Influenza Antiviral drug, blocks uncoating, all current stains are resistant?

A

Amantidine

25
Q

What Influenza Antiviral drug, blocks release of the virus by blocking neurominidase?

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

26
Q

For Herpesviruses Acyclovir compounds block the …, and need to be activated by a …

A

viral polymerase; viral kinase

27
Q

What Herpesvirus antiviral is activated in the body and will function like acyclovir but has a longer half-life in the body, used for HSV and VZV herpesviruses?

A

Valacyclovir

28
Q

What Herpesvirus antiviral is oral and used for HSV and VZV herpesviruses?

A

Famciclovir

29
Q

What Herpesvirus antiviral is topical and used for HSV and VZV herpesviruses?

A

Penciclovir

30
Q

What Herpesvirus antiviral has more side effects and usually used for herpesviruses CMV?

A

Valganciclovir/Ganciclovir

Microbiology (10 decks)

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