6 first impressions

Question 1

how do we form first impressions?

Answer 1

-physical appearance
-Non-verbal signals (body language(cultural difference))
-Mere exposure effect (familiarity)
-Environments (tendency to create assumptions about someone based on the(their) environment)
-Social media (tendency to judge based on what is visible on social media)
-Behaviors (correspondent inference effect)

Question 2

halo effect

Answer 2

when someone exhibits a positive trait (eg attractiveness), we automatically assume a whole array of other positive traits about them

Question 3

schemas

Answer 3

its a set of interrelated cognitions that have the purpose of allowing us to quickly make sense of a person, situation, location when we have limited info about it

Question 4

person schemas

Answer 4

the pre existing knowledge of specific ppl. e.g. you have a person schema about your best friend that theyre kind and funny

Question 5

role schemas

Answer 5

are knowledge structures about role occupants: for example, airline pilots should fly the plane and should not be seen drinking. Patterns of behaviour that distinguish between activities within the group, and that interrelate to one another for the greater good of the group.
Scripts are schemas about an event.

Question 6

content-free schemas

Answer 6

content-free schemas might specify that if you like John and John likes Tom, then, in order to maintain balance, you should also like Tom.

Question 7

self-schemas

Answer 7

they form part of people’s concept of who they are, the self-concept; which deals with self and identity

Question 8

what are some biases we can come across when forming impressions

Answer 8

primacy
recency
personal constructs
implicit personality theories

Question 9

primacy (in the context of impression formation)

Answer 9

a bias in impression formation. “first impression is the one that sticks” Ash found that traits you find out first about someone, disproportionately influence the final impression u have of someone

Question 10

recency (in the context of impression formation)

Answer 10

an order of presentation effect in which later presented information has a disproportionate influence on social cognition

Question 11

personal constructs (in the context of impression formation)

Answer 11

‘brownie points’ idiosyncratic and personal ways of characterizing other ppl and explaining their behavior

Question 12

attribution theory

Answer 12

dispositional (internal factors
situational (external factors)

Question 13

kelley’s covariation model states that ppl decide what attributions to make about a person’s behavior after considering 3 things….

Answer 13

1. consistency of person’s behavior
2. distinctiveness of person’s behvaior
3. degree of consensus among other observers in their reaction to the person’s behavior

Question 14

what are the five sources of information in Jones & Davis’s correspondence interface

Answer 14

Free choice
Non-common effects
Socially desirable behavior
Hedonic relevance
Personalism

Question 15

free choice (Jones & Davis’s correspondence interface)

Answer 15

behavior that is freely chosen is more informative about a persons than if it was coerced (eg Castro/anti-castro study)

Question 16

non-common effects (Jones & Davis’s correspondence interface)

Answer 16

The more distinctive the consequences of a choice, the more confidently one can infer intention and disposition.

Question 17

hedonic relevance (Jones & Davis’s correspondence interface)

Answer 17

The tendency to attribute a behavior to the actor’s dispositional rather than the situations is called hedonistic relevance,

Question 18

personalism (Jones & Davis’s correspondence interface)

Answer 18

When a person’s behavior impacts us, we automatically assume that the behavior was intended and personal, even if it was simply a by-product of the situation we are both in.

Question 19

attribution bias

Answer 19

Attribution bias is the tendency to explain a person’s behaviour by referring to their character rather than any situational factor. In essence, it leads us to overestimate the weight of someone’s personality traits, and underestimate the influence of their individual circumstances.

Question 20

correspondence bias

Answer 20

the tendency for people to over-attribute behavior to stable underlying personality dispositions

Question 21

fundamental attribution error

Answer 21

tendency to make dispositional attributions for others behavior, linking them to internal rather than situational causes

Question 22

regarding actor-observer effect, how do we interpret others’ behavior

Answer 22

on their internal factors, but our own on situational factors)
- Perceptual focus
- Informational differences

Question 23

the false consensus effect

Answer 23

is the tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviors

Question 24

how does the BFF article link to the false consensus effect?

Question 25

what are the three steps to impression formation

Answer 25

observation –> attribution –> integration = impression

Question 26

mere exposure effect

Answer 26

mere exposure to a person increases liking. eg when we see a person regularity it increases familiarity and then liking

Question 27

regarding attribution, what are cognitive heuristics

Answer 27

strategy for making impressions quickly; short-cuts, using quick cognitive judgements even though there might be errors

Question 28

outcome bias

Question 29

motivation bias

Question 30

self-handicapping