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HOS Unit 3 > 6 Eye (and associated structures) > Flashcards

6 Eye (and associated structures) Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrous coat consists of?

A

cornea, sclera

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2
Q

Uvea consists of?

A

choroid, ciliary body, iris

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3
Q

Where are Meibomian glands found?

A

In tarsal plate

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4
Q

Classify conjunctiva epithelium?

A

Stratified columnar w/ goblet cells

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5
Q

T/F conjunctiva is found on both the eye and eyelid?

A

True

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6
Q

Eyelashes have what kind of glands?

A

sebaceous (just like any other hair follicle)

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7
Q

Eyelids have what kind of glands?

A
  • Apocrine sweat glands (like armpit and perianal)

- Meibomian glands (oily secretion to seal lid closed)

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8
Q

Eye socket has what kind of gland? Classify this gland? What characteristics do its secretions have?

A
  • Lacrimal (1 in lateral upper corner, accessory ones on inner surface of upper eyelid)
  • Serous acini
  • alkali w/ lysozymes
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9
Q

Path of tears exiting the eye?

A 
lacrimal punctum->
sup/inf canaliculus->
common canaliculus->
lacrimal sac->
nasolacrimal duct
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10
Q

Retina consists of?

A
  • Rods, cones

- Ciliary and iridial (nonvisual)

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11
Q

What are 4 light-bending parts of eye?

A
  • Anterior cornea
  • Lens
  • Aqueous humor (anterior to lens)
  • Vitreous body (posterior to lens)
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12
Q

Vitreous body consists of?

A
  • collagen
  • GAGs
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
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13
Q

Hyperopia requires what kind of prescription lens?

A

convex (positive diopters)

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14
Q

Astigmatism is?

A

unequal cornea or lens curvature

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15
Q

Classify sclera tissue? Its main job is?

A
  • dense irregular con. tissue w/ glycosaminoglycans

- Maintain shape of eye

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16
Q

What do rectus muscles attach to?

A

Sclera

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17
Q

Lamina cribrosa is what?

A
  • multilayered collagen fibrils that insert into scleral canal wall where the optic nerve penetrates the sclera
  • Weaker than rest of sclera (displaces posteriorly in glaucoma)
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18
Q

Tenon’s capsule consists of?

A

connective tissue (in which eye rotates)

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19
Q

Name the cornea layers superficial to deep? What is unique about each layer?

A
  • tears
  • epithelium (5 cells thick)
  • Bowman’s membrane a.k.a. basement membrane of the epithelium (collagen w/ glycosaminoglycans)
  • Stroma a.k.a. lamina propria (collagen, keratocytes and phagocytic cells)
  • Descemet’s membrane a.k.a. basement membrane of the endothelium (elastic, collagen increases w/ age)
  • endothelium (pumps H2O out, nutrients in to keep transparency)
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20
Q

Where is the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm’s canal found? Their function?

A
  • Limbus

- Drains aqueous humor

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21
Q

What produces aqueous humor? what is its composition?

A
  • Non-pigmented ciliary process cells

- Like plasma but less protein

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22
Q

Dif between closed and open angle glaucoma?

A
  • Closed=block in trabecular meshwork or between pupil and iris prevents flow. These are located at the “angle” of the eye, thus “closed angle”.
  • Open=Not blocked. Just drains slowly due to up venous pressure or microobstruction.
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23
Q

Open or closed glaucoma more common? which is silent?

A
  • Open (60%)

- Open

24
Q

What is the 3rd type of glaucoma?

A

Developmental.

25
Q

Iris (part of uvea) stroma consists of?

A

-Stroma: fibroblasts, collagen, melanophores (ant. iris), clump cells (phagocytes)

26
Q

Iris (part of uvea) pigment epithelium consists of?

A

iridial retina (nonvisual)

27
Q

Iris muscles are called what?

A

Sphincter (Parasympa), Dilator (Sympa)

28
Q

Study the anatomical pictures.

A

Good job :)

29
Q

What covers the ciliary body?

A
  • 2 retina layers, superficial to deep:
  • -Nonpigmented (secretes aqueous humor)
  • -pigmented
30
Q

Voluntary thickening of the lens is called? This is a parasympathetic relaxation of what?

A
  • Accomodation

- It is a relaxation of the lens, but it is a CONTRACTING of Circular Band of muscle

31
Q

What muscle flattens the lens? (for far vision)

A

-Radial-meridional (sympathetic)

32
Q

What fibers attach ciliary body to lens?

A

Zonule fibers

33
Q

Choroid consists of what layers? (outermost to innermost)

A

-Suprachoroid layer (binds to sclera)
-Vessel layer w/ melanocytes
-choriocapillary layer
-Bruch’s membrane
Note: choroid layer is known as the vascular layer of the eye

34
Q

presbyopia is?

A

hardening of lens by condensation of lens fibers (lose near vision)

35
Q

Common cause of cataracts?

A

Radiation (sun) exposure

36
Q

source of lens fibers?

A

germinal zone

37
Q

Pigmented epithelium has what origin?

A

Neuroepithelium

38
Q

What is the direct path once a beam of light hits a photoreceptor?

A
  • Photoreceptor
  • Bipolar
  • Retinal ganglion cell
39
Q

What is a mnemonic for the retinal cell types from deep to superficial?

A
  • Photos (Photoreceptors)
  • Make (Muller’s go from here to same layer as ganglion cells)
  • Home (Horizontal)
  • Bright (Bipolar)
  • And (Amacrine)
  • Gay (Ganglion)
40
Q

Mnemonic for Retinal layers from inside to outside?

A

-I never give in, I often overcome every persons request
(Internal limiting membrane, nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, inner unclear layer, outer plexiform layer, outer nuclear layer, external limiting membrane, photoreceptors receptors, RPE.
-Note that plexiform layers contain only axons, while nuclear and ganglion layers contain only cell bodies

41
Q

Vitamin A is part of what? In what layers? In rods, cones, or both?

A
  • Rhodopsin
  • Pigment layer and photoreceptor layers
  • Rods
42
Q

What is the site of retinal detachment?

A

pigmented epithelium

43
Q

Pigmented epithelium is deep to what retinal layer?

A

Photoreceptor layer

44
Q

Does the pigment layer absorb light?

A

Yes (in granules)

45
Q

Rhodopsin is a combination of what? What color is it?

A
  • Opsin and Retinaldehyde (vit. A derivative)

- Visual purple (absorbs blue green light)

46
Q

T/F Rhodopsin is less absorptive than iodopsin?

A

false

47
Q

Converting 11-cis retinal to trans triggers what?

A

conformation change in opsin ->

G-protein cascade

48
Q

What are the 3 iodopsins in cones?

A

Red, green, blue

49
Q

We have more rods? or cones?

A

Rods

50
Q

Lamellar plates of 11-cis-retinal are regenerated where? Phagocytosed where?

A
  • RPE

- RPE

51
Q

What does the “Inner segment” of a cone/rod do?

A

metabolism

52
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa is what?

A

Loss of photoreceptor cells (usually rhodopsin mutation but 35 others possible)

53
Q

which retinal cells have an integration function for visual stimuli?

A

horizontal and amacrine

54
Q

Characterize the 2 forms of macular degeneration?

A

Wet-blood vessels grow up from the choroid behind the retina (worse form)
Dry-Drusen and dead RPE cells accumulate between the retina and choroid, killing photoreceptor cells

55
Q

What does retinal hypoxia cause? What might lead to hypoxia?

A
  • Hypervascularization, microaneurysms, bleeding, edema

- Diabetes

HOS Unit 3 (9 decks)

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