2 Red Cells

Question 1

What provides strength and flexibility to RBC?

Answer 1

membrane and cytoskeleton

Question 2

Are RBCs biconcave?

Answer 2

yes- deformability to go through splenic sinusoids

Question 3

Laboratory measurements of RBC? men or women have more?

Answer 3

hemoglobin, hematocrit, count, cell size

Men (not diff in cell size though)

Question 4

What is a network of structural proteins sitting below the plasma membrane of RBCs?

Answer 4

cytoskeleton

Question 5

What is the predominant RBC cytoskeletal protein?

Answer 5

spectrin- 2 polypeptide chains which form heterodimers (HEADS ASSOCIATE TO EACH OTHER AND TAILS ATTACH TO PROTEIN 4.1 AND GLYCOPHORIN C)

Question 6

What protein anchors cytoskeleton to lipid membrane?

Answer 6

Ankyrin through Band 3

Question 7

What other items does tail of spectrin attach to?

Answer 7

protein 4.1 and glycophorin c

Question 8

Which protein functions in anion transport (bicarb for chloride?

Answer 8

Band 3

Question 9

What does mutations in ankyrin lead to?

Answer 9

loss of spectrin—>membrane loss, spherocyte shape and loss of normal deformability

Question 10

Nutritional factors important for erythropoiesis?

Answer 10

Folate, B12 and Iron

Question 11

Where is iron absorbed?

Answer 11

duodenum

Question 12

What does iron bind after passing through mucosal cell?>

Answer 12

transferrin

Question 13

What does RBC have to receive iron?

Answer 13

transferrin receptors—>endocytosed—>iron released

Question 14

What happens with red cell senescence?

Answer 14

Red cells are engulfed by macrophages and the iron is extracted from hemoglobin—>plasma—> binds transferrin again

Question 15

Where does most iron used for hemoglobin come from?

Answer 15

macrophages…only a small amount from dietary iron

Question 16

What is an iron storage protein that sequesters iron in a non-toxic form but makes available for re-utilization?

Answer 16

Ferritin

Question 17

Iron in excess of tissue needs is stored where?

Answer 17

liver

Question 18

What contains 80% of body’s iron?

Answer 18

Red Cells

Question 19

What measurements signal low iron?

Answer 19

serum iron low
transferrin high
ferritin low
(remember transferrin is measured as its total binding capacity. low iron means mor transferrin available)

Question 20

What is needed to convert deoxyuridine to thymidine?

Answer 20

Folate

Question 21

What vitamin is necessary for folate regeneration?

Answer 21

B12

Question 22

Lack of folate or B12 leads to?

Answer 22

impaired DNA synthesis and megaloblastic anemia

Question 23

Most abundant intracellular protein?

Answer 23

hemoglobin

Question 24

3 components of hemoglobin?

Answer 24

globin, protoporphyrin, and iron

Question 25

How many chains in hemoglobin?

Answer 25

4 globin chains, 2 alpha and 2 beta

Question 26

basic steps of hemoglobin production?

Answer 26

iron+porphyrin =heme | heme +globin= hemoglobin

Question 27

type of hemoglobin? 2 alphas and 2 betas?

Answer 27

Hemoglobin A

Question 28

type of hemoglobin? 2 alphas and 2 deltas

Answer 28

Hemoglobin A2

Question 29

type of hemoglobin? 2 alphas and 2 gammas

Answer 29

hemoglobin f - fetal hemoglobin is major hemoglobin during later stages of fetal development and at birth

Question 30

What does high pH, low DPG and low temp lead to for O2 dissociation curve?

Answer 30

Increased affinity (less dissociation) left shift

Question 31

T or F- RBCs don't have a nucleus, but do have mitochondria?

Answer 31

False--they have neither

Question 32

How does a RBC generate energy? major pathway?

Answer 32

glycolysis, Embden Meyerhof pathway

Question 33

1 molecule of glucose lead to how many ATP in RBCs?

Answer 33

2 and an NADH

Question 34

Deficiencies in Embden Meyerhof pathway lead to what?

Answer 34

hemolytic anemia

Question 35

How does body limit oxidative damage?

Answer 35

hexose monophosphate shunt----> produces glutathione which detoxifies H2O2

Question 36

Patients deficient with G6PD?

Answer 36

decrease glutathione--->oxidative damage---> hemolytic anemia

Question 37

What pathway leads to 2,3 BPG?

Answer 37

Luebering-Rappaport Pathway

Question 38

What pathway maintains iron in the ferrous state?

Answer 38

Methemoglobin reductase pathway

Question 39

Heme is broken down by proteolytic enzymes into what subsets?

Answer 39

iron, amino acids, porphyrin

Question 40

What becomes of porphyrin?

Answer 40

bilirubin--->conjugated in liver and excreted

Question 41

What are RBC blood groups made of?

Answer 41

glycosphingolipids, glycophorins, lipoproteins

Question 42

T or F-- c terminal sugar determines the RBC antigen?

Answer 42

F- n terminal

Question 43

which blood type has N-acetylgalactosamine as an N terminal sugar?

Answer 43

Blood Type A

Question 44

Which blood type has n terminal d-galactose?

Answer 44

Blood Type B

Question 45

Which blood type has no antibodies against blood antigens?

Answer 45

AB

Question 46

Blood D antigen positive is also called?

Answer 46

Rh+ and Rh- for D antigen negative Rh negative individuals only develop anti Rh antibodies after exposure (pregnancy or blood transfusion) otherwise there are no natural occurring Rh antibodies.

Question 47

What type of antibodies are for the ABO blood group?

Answer 47

IgM

Question 48

What type of antibodies are for the Rh blood group?

Answer 48

IgG

Question 49

T-F Surface antigens A and B are found on many cells?

Answer 49

True

Question 50

T-F surface antigens D (Rh), Cc and E are found on many cells?

Answer 50

False just erythrocytes

Question 51

Does Rh or ABO blood group antigens have natural occurring antibodies?

Answer 51

ABO