6: Cell ageing and death

Question 1

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia are both reactions to ___.

Answer 1

stress

Question 2

What are the two types of cell death?

Answer 2

Necrosis

Apoptosis

Question 3

Does necrosis require energy?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

Necrosis is (physiological / pathological).

Answer 4

pathological

Question 5

What is coagulative necrosis?

Answer 5

Necrosis with preservations of cell outlines

Question 6

Where is coagulative necrosis commonly seen?

Answer 6

Cardiac myocytes during an MI

Question 7

What is liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 7

Necrosis in which cells become a liquidy viscous mass

Question 8

What tends to cause liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 8

Bacterial / Fungal infections

Question 9

Where in the body does liquefactive necrosis occur?

Answer 9

Brain

Question 10

What is caseous necrosis?

Answer 10

TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​TB ​

tb innit

Question 11

___ inflammation is common in caseous necrosis.

Answer 11

Granulomatous

Question 12

What test should be carried out following a discovery of caseous necrosis?

Answer 12

Ziehl Neelson stain

you want to know if it’s TB or not

Question 13

What is apoptosis?

Answer 13

Programmed cell death

Question 14

In which case would lymphocytes need to be killed off by apoptosis?

Answer 14

Self-reactive (attacking the body’s own cells)

Question 15

Does apoptosis require energy?

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

In the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis, which proteins act as death receptors?

Answer 16

TNF

Fas

Question 17

Fas mutations cause ___ disease.

Answer 17

autoimmune

Question 18

Which organelle is central to the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?

Answer 18

Mitochondria

Question 19

Which proteins increase the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane in intrinsic apoptosis?

Answer 19

Bax and Bak

Question 20

Which proteins are stimulated by:

1) activation of TNF and Fas in the extrinsic pathway
2) Bax and Bak in the intrinsic pathway

and go on to trigger apoptosis?

Answer 20

Caspases

Question 21

1) Proteins which trigger cell death
2) Caspase-stimulating proteins found in the mitochondria
3) Death receptors involved in the intrinsic pathway

Name 1-3.

Answer 21

1) Caspases

2) Bax and Bak

3) TNF and Fas

Question 22

Which protein detects DNA damage and, if irrepairable, induces apoptosis by stimulating caspases?

Answer 22

p53

Question 23

What causes cellular ageing?

Answer 23

Oxidative stress