2: Tissue and cell injury

Question 1

What is homeostasis?

Answer 1

Physiological process in which variables within the body are kept within a narrow range

Question 2

What two processes do cells undergo when they are under increased demand?

Answer 2

Hyperplasia

Hypertrophy

Question 3

What process do cells undergo when they are under decreased demand?

Answer 3

Atrophy

Question 4

What process do cells undergo when they are exposed to altered stimuli?

Answer 4

Metaplasia

Question 5

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 5

Increase in the size of cells

Question 6

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 6

Increase in the number of cells

Question 7

Which signals cause a cell to undergo cell division?

Answer 7

Growth factors

Question 8

Which enzyme is bound to some growth receptors?

Answer 8

Tyrosine kinase

Question 9

Which protein, other than tyrosine kinase, is bound to some growth receptors?

Answer 9

G-protein

Question 10

Which pathway involves tyrosine kinase, RAS and RAF?

Answer 10

MAPK/ERK pathway

Question 11

What are the four stages of the cell cycle, and what happens in each stage?

Answer 11

G1 - protein synthesis

S - DNA replication

G2 - more protein synthesis

M - mitosis

Question 12

Which enzymes control the progression of the cell cycle?

Answer 12

Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)

Question 13

___ activate CDKs during the cell cycle.

Answer 13

Cyclins

Question 14

Which protein is activated by CDK4 during G1?

Answer 14

Retinoblastoma (Rb)

Question 15

What is the protein which controls the main checkpoint in G2?

Answer 15

p53

Question 16

p53 checks the cell for DNA ___.

Answer 16

errors

Question 17

If p53 finds a DNA error in a cell, ___ is attempted.

Answer 17

repair

Question 18

Normally, if DNA repair is unsuccessful, the cell is instructed to undergo ___.

Answer 18

apoptosis

Question 19

Which tissue undergoes hyperplasia during pregnancy?

Answer 19

Endometrial lining of the uterus

Question 20

What process occurs as a compensatory mechanism after tissue loss?

Answer 20

Hyperplasia

Question 21

Which organ can regenerate through hyperplasia?

Answer 21

Liver

Question 22

Which organ undergoes pathological hyperplasia as men age?

Answer 22

Prostate

Question 23

Which structures undergo hyperplasia as a response to infection?

Answer 23

Lymph nodes

Question 24

Hyperplasia is (reversible / irreversible).

Answer 24

reversible

Question 25

What is worrying about hyperplastic tissue?

Answer 25

It’s at high risk of developing cancer

Question 26

Hypertrophy is usually a response to which type of distress?

Answer 26

Mechanical

Question 27

Hypertrophy (increases / reduces) the blood demand of cardiac tissue.

It also makes cardiac muscle (more / less) functional.

Answer 27

increases blood demand

renders tissue less functional

Question 28

What is the end result of cardiac hypertrophy?

Answer 28

Heart failure

Question 29

What is atrophy?

Answer 29

Reduction in cell size

Question 30

What causes pathological atrophy?

Answer 30

Decreased workload