Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2. Cardiovascular System > 6. Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

6. Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. late diastole
  2. atrial systole
  3. isovolumic ventricular contraction
  4. ventricular ejection
  5. isovolumic ventricular relaxation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens in the late systole phase?

A

Both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens in the atrial systole phase?

A

Atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into the ventricles (AV valves open)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens in the isovolumic ventricular contraction phase?

A

First phase of ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open semi-lunar valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens in the ventricular ejection phase?

A

As ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, the semi-lunar valves open and blood is ejected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens in the isovolumic ventricular relaxation phase?

A

As ventricles relax, pressure in the ventricles falls, blood flows back into cusps of semi-lunar valves and snaps them closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A

93mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the normal systolic pressure?

A

120mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the normal diastolic pressure?

A

80mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When does the a wave start in acv notation?

A

follows the atrial depolarisation (contraction) when increase in pressure in atria occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When does the c wave start in acv notation?

A

starts as soon as mitral valve closes and stops as soon as aortic valve opens (pressure released when aortic valve opens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When does the v wave start in acv notation?

A

starts when blood comes back from the lungs to fill the atria (form pulmonary vein in left side of the heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the general end diastolic volume?

A

~140 ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why isn’t stroke volume generally not useful when looking at cardiac function?

A

Because it varies from person to person depending on size, sex, build etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is used instead of stroke volume to determine heart abnormalities?

A

ejection fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What should the ejection fraction be in a healthy individual?

A

2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the ejection fraction determine?

A

determines the pumping efficiency of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the end-diastolic volume in the heart?

A
  • volume of heart in ventricles (right or left) just before a systole
  • volume of blood just after the filling phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is ejection fraction calculated?

A

Stroke volume/ end diastolic volume (SV/EDV)

20
Q

How to calculate stroke volume?

A

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume (EDV-ESV)

21
Q

What is the end-systolic volume in the heart?

A
  • blood in the ventricle at the end of a contraction/style and the beginning of filling phase (diastole)
22
Q

What is the difference in blood volumes between right and left sides of the heart?

A

right side has much smaller volumes (around 1/5th of the left side) since it’s easier to push blood into pulmonary circulation rather than systemic which requires more pressure changes (left side)

23
Q

What creates the first “LUBB” sound?

A

mitral and tricuspid valves closing

24
Q

What created the second “DUBB” sound?

A

aortic and pulmonary valves closing

25
Q

Which valves should be open and which should be closed during diastole?

A

AV valves open

semi-lunar valves closed

26
Q

Which valves should be open and which should be closed during systole?

A

AV valves closed

semi lunar valves open

27
Q

What are heart murmurs generally caused by? (2)

A
  1. problems with valves

2. septal defects (holes in the heart)

28
Q

What creates a murmur in the systolic phase? (systolic murmurs)

A
  1. stenosis of aortic/ pulmonary valves

2. regurgitation through mitral/tricuspid valves

29
Q

What creates a murmur in the diastolic phase? (diastolic murmurs)

A
  1. stenosis of mitral/tricuspid

2. regurgitation through aortic/pulmonary

30
Q

Which valves will have the stenosis in a systolic and diastolic phase?

A

the valves which should be open in the given phase (e.g. in systolic phase, semi lunar should be open so stenosis of aortic/pulmonary valves)

31
Q

How much higher is the pressure in the left side of heart than right side?

A

should be 5x higher in the left side

32
Q

If there is a septal defect, in which phases can stenosis and regurgitation occur?

A

in both phases; systolic and diastolic

33
Q

Define systolic pressure.

A

Maximal arterial pressure during the contraction of the left ventricle (ventricular contraction)

34
Q

Define diastolic pressure.

A

Minimum arterial pressure during relaxation and the dilatation of ventricles when ventricles fill with blood (during relaxation)

35
Q

Define mean arterial pressure. (MAP)

A

Average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle (used to measure the BP in an individual)

36
Q

Define pulse pressure.

A
  • Difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure readings
  • Represents the force that heart generates each time it contracts (systolic-diastolic) e.g. 120-80 = 40mmHg
37
Q

Define stroke volume.

A

Volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle with each beat

38
Q

Define ejection fraction.

A

measurement of the percentage of blood leaving your heart each time it contracts

39
Q

Define isometric contraction period.

A

time between closure of AV valves and opening of semi-lunar valves

40
Q

Define isometric relaxation period.

A

begins with closure of semi-lunar valve and start of opening of Av valves

41
Q

What does phonocardiogram record?

A

Records sounds and murmurs made by the heart

42
Q

What comes first, rapid or slower phases?

A

rapid phases always come first (rapid ejection before slow ejection and rapid filling before slow filling phases)

43
Q

What is an acceptable range for normal BP?

A

120/80 - 140/90

44
Q

What is pre-hypertension BP range?

A

120-139/ 80-89

45
Q

What is stage 1 hypertension BP range?

A

140-159/ 90-99

46
Q

What is stage 2 hypertension BP range?

A

160+/ 100+

2. Cardiovascular System (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions