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2. Cardiovascular System > 5. Anatomy of the CVS 2 > Flashcards

5. Anatomy of the CVS 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 main types of arteries?

A
  1. muscular
  2. elastic
  3. arteriole
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2
Q

Define function of the heart.

A

pumps blood around the body via circulatory system

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3
Q

Define function of arteries.

A

distributes blood away from heart

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4
Q

Define function of capillaries

A

exchange of gas and nutrients takes place there

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5
Q

Define function of veins.

A

collects and returns blood towards the heart

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6
Q

What are 3 layers which make up the heart?

A
  1. endocardium
  2. myocardium
  3. epicardium
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7
Q

What makes up the endocardium? (innermost layer) (3)

A
  1. epithelium (simple squamous)
  2. basement membrane
  3. connective tissue
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8
Q

What makes up the myocardium? (middle) (1)

A

cardiac muscle (myocardium)

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9
Q

What makes up the epicardium? (outermost) ( 3)

A
  1. connective tissue
  2. basement membrane
  3. epithelium ( simple squamous)
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10
Q

What are the 3 layers which make up the blood vessel?

A
  1. tunica intima (innermost)
  2. tunica media (middle)
  3. tunica adventitia (outermost)
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11
Q

What is tunica intima made up of? (3)

A
  1. epithelium (simple squamous)
  2. basement membrane
  3. connective tissue
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12
Q

What is tunica media made up of? (2)

A
  1. smooth muscle tissue

2. elastic tissue

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13
Q

What is tunica adventitia/externa made up of? (1)

A
  1. fibrous connective tissue
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14
Q

How do arteries differ from veins? (2)

A
  • arteries are smaller in diameter than accompanying vein

- arteries have a thicker wall than accompanying vein

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15
Q

What is the difference in tunica media and adventitia between arteries and veins?

A
  • arteries have a thick media and thin adventitia (muscly)

- veins have a thin media and a thick adventitia (support)

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16
Q

Compare arterial and venous lumens.

A
  • arterial lumens are much smaller

- venous lumen is more floppy and dilated (wide)

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17
Q

What are the individual diameters of lumens in vessels carrying oxygenated blood in systemic circulation from biggest to smallest?

A
  1. artery
  2. arteriole
  3. capillary
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18
Q

Between arteries, arterioles and capillaries, name them from biggest to smallest total cross sectional area?

A
  1. capillaries
  2. arterioles
  3. arteries
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19
Q

What connects blood vessels to the surroundings? (2)

A
  • collagen

- connective tissue

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20
Q

What colour are elastic fibres in histology slides?

A

blue

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21
Q

Where are elastic fibres concentrated and found in arteries?

A
  • just under the epithelium (internal elastic lamina)

- between tunica media and tunica adventitia (thin external/ outer lamina)

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22
Q

What are examples of ELASTIC arteries? (3)

A
  1. aorta
  2. common carotid artery
  3. pulmonary artery
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23
Q

What are examples of MUSCULAR arteries? (3)

A

Distributing arteries:

  • coronary arteries
  • radial arteries
  • femoral arteries
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24
Q

What types of arteries are arterioles?

A

terminal branches which supply blood to capillary bed and control the blood pressure

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25
Q

Why are elastic fibres required in elastic arteries?

A
  • because the elastic arteries experience big changes in pressure
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26
Q

What effect do arteries have on blood pressure? (ie during systole and diastole)

A
  • they are pressure reservoirs
  • they are stretched during systole
  • during diastole, the heart relaxes, pressure falls, the artery recoils thereby maintaining blood pressure on the blood
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27
Q

What is the recoil and stretchability due to?

A

due to the presence of elastic fibres in tunica media in the form of layers (laminae)

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28
Q

Where are elastic fibres found?

A

in the tunica media

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29
Q

What are elastic fibres in the tunica media secreted by?

A

smooth muscle

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30
Q

What are muscular arteries responsible for?

A

Distribution of blood to body regions

31
Q

Describe tunica intima and media of muscular arteries

A
  • tunica intima made of endothelial cells and basement membrane
  • thick tunica media has smooth muscle cells
32
Q

Is there elastic lamina between muscle cells in tunica media in muscular arteries?

A

No elastic lamina

33
Q

Describe what is found in each of the blood vessel layers of arterioles.

A
  • tunica intima; endothelium and BM, no internal elastic lamina (IEL)
  • t media; only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle with no elastic
  • t adventitia; NOT present
34
Q

What rich innervation do arterioles have? What does it do

A

Rich sympathetic nerve innervation which control blood flow to capillary beds (local)

35
Q

What do arterioles ultimately control?

A

Blood pressure (systemic)

36
Q

In histology slides, how can you identify it’s a blood vessel?

A

it has RBCs inside its lumen on the histology slides

37
Q

Why are capillaries thin walled?

A

for more efficient transfer of gas and nutrients

38
Q

Describe the 3 blood vessel layers in capillaries.

A
  • T intima present (endothelium on basement membrane) ONLY
  • no T media
  • no T adventitia
39
Q

What types of cell do capillaries specifically have?

A

Pericytes

40
Q

What do pericytes do in capillaries?

A
  • incomplete layer of cells surrounding the basement membrane
  • they have contractile properties which help control flow of blood in the capillaries
41
Q

What is the average diameter of capillaries?

A

4-15 micrometers

42
Q

Is the sum of all diameters of all capillaries in the body bigger than the diameter of an aorta?

A

Yes

43
Q

Is the blood pressure in capillaries low or high?

A

low

44
Q

What are 3 types of capillaries?

A
  1. continuous
  2. fenestrated
  3. discontinous
45
Q

What is a continous capillary?

A
  • endothelial cells fold in a circle ( folded in on itself in a complete circle)
  • can control what is exchanged
  • material must through cell or between cell (junctions can control)
  • has selective transport mechanism
46
Q

What is a fenestrated capillary?

A
  • Gaps present which are window-ike as well as protein membranes
  • has fenestrations (or pores) up to 100 micrometres
  • with or without protein diaphragms
  • diaphragms filter molecules by molecular weight and/or charge
47
Q

What is a discontinous capillary?

A
  • Capillary wall has huge gaps between endothelial cells and BM
  • allows free passage of fluid and cells
  • no proteins
48
Q

Where can continous capillaries be found?

A

in muscle

49
Q

Where can fenestrated capillaries be found?

A

endocrine glands, kidney renal corpuscle

50
Q

Where can discontinous capillaries be found? (3)

A

liver, spleen and bone marrow

51
Q

What type of capillaries are sinusoids?

A

large diamater DISCONTINOUS capillaries

52
Q

Where are sinusoids found?

A

irregularly shaped discontinous capillary found where large amount of exchange takes place

53
Q

What does the tunica intima of the sinusoids contain?

A

contains phagocytic cells

54
Q

Where are sinusoids found? (2)

A
  • liver

- some endocrine glands

55
Q

What structures bypass capillary beds for blood re-distribution>

A

arteriovenous (AV) shunts

56
Q

In what common example, are arteriovenous shunts formed in capillary beds?

A

in skin for thermoregulation (when temp is too high and body wants to lose more heat so redirects blood)

57
Q

Describe movement of blood from capillary bed to vena cava. (what vessels involved)

A
  1. capillary bed
  2. small venule
  3. medium sized vein
  4. large sized vein
  5. vena cava
58
Q

Describe the 3 blood vessel layers in veins and what they contain.

A

1, tunica intima: thin, IEL(internal elastic lamina) and OEL (outer elastic lamina) thin or absent

  1. tunica media: very thin or absent
  2. tunica adventitia: collagenous tissue
59
Q

From which layer are valves in veins formed?

A

from endothelial projection (to prevent backflow)

60
Q

What are features of superficial veins? (wall and surrounding support) (2)

A
  • thick walled

- no surrounding support

61
Q

What are features of deep veins? (wall and surrounding support) (2)

A
  • thin walled

- surrounding support from deep fascia and muscles

62
Q

How does superficial vein lie?

A

it lies on its own in the fascia

63
Q

How does a deep vein lie?

A

it lies next to its corresponding artery (e.g. femoral vein lies next to femoral artery)

64
Q

Describe the function of the lymphatic system.

A
  • drains tissue fluid lost from blood capillaries

- drains fluid back into the systemic venous system

65
Q

Where are lymph nodes generally found in terms of veins and arteries?

A

nodes found alongside

  • major veins
  • around origins of major arteries
66
Q

What structures do lymphatic vessels have that are also found in the venous systems?

A

valves (direct flow of blood)

67
Q

Why are lymph nodes clinically important?

A

important in tumour cell metastases

68
Q

What are the features of lymph capillaries?

A
  • blind ended capillaries
  • ne fenestrations
  • lined by very thin endothelium
69
Q

What is the basal lamina like in lymph capillaries?

A

absent/ rudimentary/not fully developed basal lamina

70
Q

What pressure is the lymph capillary lumen maintained at?

A

negative hydrostatic pressure

71
Q

How is the lumen of lymph capillaries kept open?

A

due to anchoring filaments; fine collagenous filaments link endothelial cells to surrounding tissues keeping the lumen open

72
Q

How would you distinguish blood and lymph capillaries in a histology slide?

A

no RBCs present in lumen of lymph capillaries

73
Q

Where do blood vessels act “as organs”?

A
  1. nerve supply (sympathetic in skin or sympathetic and parasympathetic in heart)
  2. blood supply (vasa vasorum)
  3. lymphatics ( in tunic adventitia)
74
Q

What does vasa vasorum mean?

A

“vessels of the vessels”

vessels feeding nutrients to other vessels

2. Cardiovascular System (42 decks)

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