18. Hypertension Therapy Flashcards
What type of hypertension always needs to be identified?
TRUE hypertension;
What are 2 types of blood pressure monitoring methods for diagnosing hypertension
- ABPM; ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
2. HBPM Home Blood Pressure Monitoring
Why is ABPM the “gold standard” and the preferred method for measuring blood pressure?
- patient’s can’t ignore bad signs
- 24 hour readings taken even during night
- gives more correlation and more accurate readings
What must the clinical BP and average ABPM daytime readings be like to diagnose STAGE 1 hypertension?
- clinical BP; 140/90mmHg or higher
- ABPM daytime average: 135/85mmHg or higher
What must the clinical BP and average ABPM daytime readings be like to diagnose STAGE 2 hypertension?
- clinical BP is 160/100mmHg or higher
- ABPM daytime average; 150/95mmHg or higher
What must the systolic and diastolic pressures be like to diagnose SEVERE hypertension?
- clinical systolic BP; 180mmHg or higher
- clinical diastolic BP; 110mmHg or higher
Why are patients commonly given treatment for hypertension at night?
to prevent dip in pressure
When is it common for patients’ BP rise exponentially? (becomes sky high)
just before death (when symptoms become worse if acutely unwell and mistreated)
What are risk factors for hypertension? (6)
- previous Mi, stroke or ischaemic heart disease
- smoking
- diabetes mellitus
- hypercholesterolaemia
- family history
- physical examination
What tests are done to assess end organ damage due to hypertension and for what end-organ damage cause are they used for? (5)
- ECG (for left ventricular hypertrophy)
- echocardiogram (for left ventricular hypertrophy)
- ACR; albumin/creatine ratio (for proteinuria)
- Kidney (renal ultrasound)
- renal function (eGFR; estimated glomerular filtration rate)
What treatable causes should hypertensive patients be screened for? (4)
- renal artery stenosis/ FMD
- Cushing’s syndrome
- Conn’s syndrome
- sleep apnoea
What 3 things should be assessed in hypertensive patients at the start?
- assess risk
- assess end organ damage
- screen for treatable causes
What is the most common cause of left ventricular hypertrophy?(thickening of ventricular wall)
high BP (hypertension)
Because it’s difficult to assess hypertension risk, what is used to calculate the risk?
assign risk calculator/ Q-risk
What needs to be established once risk assessed?
a set target of BP needs to be obtained
What is recommended to be the target pressure?
<135/80-85mmHg (target that is aimed for; below it is normal theoretically)
At what CV disease risk should hypertension treatment be started?
at risk of 20%/10 years
Why are younger women especially treated straight away for hypertension?
- if patient untreated, symptoms will worsen and damage will be done
- increase risk by 30% for pre-eclampsia in women during if pregnant
At how many weeks of gestation does pre-eclampsia usually occur?
after 20 weeks
Why is hypertension treated? (2)
- reduces cerebrovascular disease (ie stroke) by 40-50%
- reduces MI risk by 16-30%
How is hypertension GENERALLY treated? (what is the approach?)
- stepped approach (one drug introduced… then next..then next) of several drugs
- always LESS than maximum dose used
- add new medication to current therapy until target BP is achieved
What should the drug dosage be for hypertension treatment? Why?
use LOW doses of several drugs; decreases and minimises adverse events and maximises patient compliance (if max dose used straight away then max. side effects)
Can antihypertensive drugs be continuously changed during treatment of hypertension?
NO; they should not be continuously changed
New drugs are added to existing/current therapy until when?
until the target BP is achieved
What treatment should be administered to young people with hypertension?
ACE inhibitor/ ARB (angiotensin II receptor blockers)
What 2 treatments should be administered to elderly (over 55) with hypertension?
- calcium channel blocker
2. thiazide-type diuretic
What are the levels of renin like in young and elderly?
- high renin in young
- low renin in elderly
On what group of people should ACE inhibitors NEVER be used?
on women of child bearing age in they become pregnant; since ACE inhibitors are teratogenic (disrupts development of foetus)
What patients with stage 1 hypertension are offered antihypertensive drug treatment
- antihypertensive drug treatment offered to people <80 years with ABPM (ambulatory BP monitoring) >135/85
Patients with stage 1 hypertension usually suffer from which conditions that can be targeted in treatment? (5)
- target organ damage
- established CV disease
- renal disease
- diabetes
- a 10 year CV risk equivalent to 20% or greater
What is the ABPM for stage 2 hypertension?
ABPM>150/95
What age group is offered stage 2 antihypertension treatment?
people of any age with stage 2 hypertension
What to do for people under age of 40 with stage 1 hypertension or greater? (2)
- seek specialist evaluation of secondary causes of hypertension
- more detailed assessment of potential target organ damage
What treatment to offer people aged 80+ years with hypertension?
Offer the SAME antihypertensive drug treatment as people aged 55-80 years taking account any co-morbidities
What is blood pressure target for people aged 80+ years?
BP target is different; <145/85
Why is target set much higher for people aged 80+ years?
Decreases risk of sudden BP drop if target is set slightly higher caused by antihypertensive drugs which can cause older people to fall and injure themselves due to sudden pressure drop so increases quality of life in the end
What monitoring technique is best for detecting patients with “white coat syndrome”?
ABPM; ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (but HBPM also used)
What is the step 1 treatment for hypertension in people OVER 55? (2)
- offer step 1 antihypertensive treatment with calcium channel blocker (CCB) to people aged over 55 and of Afro-Carribean origin
- If CCB not suitable, thiazide-like diuretic is used
When is thiazide- like diuretic offered? (2)
- if CCB (ca channel blocker) not suitable due to oedema and intolerance
- if evidence of heart failure or high risk of heart failure
What is step 1 treatment for hypertension in people UNDER 55?
ACEI/ARB (ACE: angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitor and ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers)
Which 2 groups should NOT be offered ACEI/ ARB treatment?
- Afro-Carribean ethnicity
2. women of child bearing age
What is step 2 for treating hypertension?
Add thiazide- type diuretic such as clortalidone or indapamide to CCB or ACEI/ARB
What are 2 common thiazide- type diuretics used as step 2 for treating hypertension?
- clortalidone
2. indapamide
What is step 3 for treating hypertension?
Add CCB, ACEI/ARB and diuretic all together
What is step 4 for treating hypertension if blood K level is 4.5 mmol/l or lower? (this is a case for RESISTANT hypertension)
consider further diuretic therapy with low dose spironolactone (25mg once daily) if the blood K level is 4.5mmol/l or LOWER
What is step 4 for treating hypertension if blood K level is higher than 4.5 mmol/l?
Consider high dose thiazide-like diuretic treatment if the blood K level is higher than 4.5 mmol/l
What group of people should caution be taken when undertaking step 4 treatment for hypertension?
people with reduced estimated GFR (glomerular filtration rate) because they have an increased risk of hyperkalaemia
If there are no contraindications, according to what should treatment always be started/administered? (2)
according to:
- age
- other pathology
What is the treatment that should be generally used to treat hypertension in people over 55?
calcium channel blocker (CCB)
What is the treatment that should be generally used to treat hypertension in people less than 55?
- an ACEI/ARB
- if single agent doesn’t control BP then use two together
What are 2 common ACEI (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors) used for treating hypertension?
- RAMIPRIL
2. Perindopril
Describe the action of ACEI drugs.
- competitively inhibit the actions of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
- ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
- Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and hypertrophogenic agent (increases BP) so is stopped by ACEI
Angiotensin II plays a central role in organ damage of primarily which organs/structures? (4)
- brain
- heart
- kidneys
- blood vessels
What effect does angiotensin II have on the BRAIN which can lead to death ultimately? (2)
- atherosclerosis
- vasoconstriction
(therefore stroke or hypertension can lead to death)
What effect does angiotensin II have on the BLOOD VESSELS which can lead to death ultimately? (2)
- vascular hypertrophy
- endothelial dysfunction
(therefore stroke, MI, heart failure or hypertension can lead to death)
What effect does angiotensin II have on the HEART which can lead to death ultimately?
- left ventricle hypertrophy
- fibrosis
- remodelling
- apoptosis
(therefore MI or heat failure can lead to death)
What effect does angiotensin II have on the KIDNEYS which can lead to death ultimately? (4)
- decreased GFR (glomerular filtration rate)
- increased proteinuria
- increased aldosterone release
- glomerular sclerosis
(therefore renal failure can lead to death)
What are some contraindications (drugs cannot be used and need to be stopped for some situations) when treating hypertension with ACEI? (3)
- renal failure
- hyperkalaemia
- renal artery stenosis
What are common adverse drug reactions to antihypertensive drugs? (5)
- cough
- first dose hypotension
- taste disturbance
- renal impairment
- angioneurotic oedema
With which drugs do ACEI drugs interact with? (3)
- NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
- potassium supplements
- potassium sparing diuretics
What does ACEI and NSAID interaction cause?
precipitate acute renal failure
What does ACEI and potassium supplements interaction cause?
hyperkalaemia (ACEI cause K conservation)
What does ACEI and potassium sparing diuretics interaction cause?
hyperkalaemia (ACEI cause K conservation)
If someone is on ACEI and has low K what does that indicate about their high BP?
there is probably a secondary cause for their high BP