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2. Cardiovascular System > 4. Anatomy of the CVS 1 > Flashcards

4. Anatomy of the CVS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

distribute blood AWAY from heart

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2
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

exchange of nutrients

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3
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

collect and return blood TOWARDS the heart

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4
Q

What is the function of the lymphatics?

A

drain excess extracellular fluid from tissues and plays a role in metastases

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5
Q

Where is the heart located in the thoracic chest?

A

middle mediastinum

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6
Q

Which region of the body doesn’t have blood vessels? How does it get its nutrient supply?

A

cartilage; gets its nutrients from diffusion from underlying connective tissue

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7
Q

Which 2 regions of the body doesn’t have lymphatics? How does it get its nutrient supply?

A
  • brain

- eye

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8
Q

What are 2 main circulations in cardiovascular system?

A
  1. pulmonary (heart-lungs-heart)

2. systemic (heart-body-heart)

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9
Q

What are 2 additional important circulatory systems?

A
  1. hepatic portal circulation

2. lymphatic system

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10
Q

In which region is the apex of heart found?

A

l. ventricle ( left anterior side)

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11
Q

In which region is the base of the heart found?

A

l.atrium (posteriorly)

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12
Q

What is right border of heart formed by?

A

right atrium

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13
Q

What is the left border of the heart formed by?

A

l. ventricle

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14
Q

What is the function of the auricles in the heart?

A
  • store blood

- increase capacity of the atrium (and the volume of blood it’s able to contain)

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15
Q

What veins drain coronary arteries?

A

Cardiac veins (wrapped around the heart)

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16
Q

Above which vertebral region does superior mediastinum lie?

A

above T4

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17
Q

Where does the inferior mediastinum start and end at?

A

Starts at T4 and ends at the diaphragm

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18
Q

What are mediastinum divided into?

A
  • superior

- inferior; anterior, middle and posterior

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19
Q

What does anterior mediastinum contain?

A

fat, remnants of thymus gland (which disappears at puberty)

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20
Q

What is caused if thymus remnants spread into lungs and what surgical procedure is needed?

A

thymoma; thymectomy needed

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21
Q

Define mediastinum.

A
  • central compartment of thoracic cavity surrounded by loose connective tissue
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22
Q

Where EXACTLY is the apex of the heart found?

A

5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

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23
Q

What is the difference in the position of the heart in children?

A

-positioned higher in children and lies more horizontal

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24
Q

If a person is standing up, what will happen to the heart?

A

May appear slightly lower than 5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

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25
Q

What is situs inversus?

A

condition where all organs lie on the opposite sides of the chest (swapped), people are asymptomatic (apex on right and aorta on left)

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26
Q

At what vertebral landmark is the sternal angle located?

A

T4

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27
Q

What is anterior to the heart? (4)

A
  1. sternum
  2. costal cartilages 4-7
  3. anterior edges lungs and pleurae
  4. thymic remnants
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28
Q

What is posterior to the heart? (3)

A
  1. oesophagus
  2. descending aorta
  3. thoracic vertebrae 5-8
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29
Q

What is lateral to the heart? (2)

A
  1. lungs

2. phrenic nerves (which also give sensory fibres to pericardium as much as to the diaphragm)

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30
Q

What is inferior to the heart? (1)

A
  1. central tendon of diaphragm
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31
Q

What 3 layers make up the heart wall?

A
  1. endocardium (innermost)
  2. myocardium (middle)
  3. epicardium (outermost)
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32
Q

What makes up the endocardium? (3)

A
  • epithelium (flat simple squamous epithelial cells)
  • basement membrane
  • connective tissue
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33
Q

What makes up the myocardium? (1)

A
  1. muscle
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34
Q

What makes up the epicardium?

A
  1. connective tissue
  2. basement membrane
  3. epithelium (flat simple squamous epithelial cells)
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35
Q

What makes up the epithelium of epicardium?

A

visceral pericardium

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36
Q

What 2 layers are found above the visceral pericardium (epithelium of epicardium)

A
  • parietal pericardium

- fibrous pericardium (outside)

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37
Q

What is found between visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium?

A

pericardial cavity

38
Q

What are features of endocardium? (what does it line, what cells make it up and what does it sit on?)

A
  • lines heart chambers
  • simple squamous epithelium sitting on the BM
  • sits on connective tissue
39
Q

What does endocardium form?

A

forms valves (projections on it form valves)

40
Q

What is myocardium made up of?

A
  • cardiac (striated) muscle (myocytes)

- thick middle layer of heart wall

41
Q

What do the myocyte cells look like?

A
  • contain lots of mitochondria

- central rounded nuclei in myocardium

42
Q

Is there a capillary bed in the myocardium?

A

Yes, a rich capillary bed

43
Q

Why are muscle bundles in different planes in myocardium?

A

to close down chamber lumen

44
Q

What are myocytes connected by?

A

intercalated discs (complex junctions that anchor structures containing gap junctions)

45
Q

What do myocytes all connected together form as they synchronise?

A

a functional syncytium as they contract in unison

46
Q

What two junctions make up the intercalated disc?

A
  1. desmosomes

2. gap junctions

47
Q

How do desmosomes connect and what is their function in cardiac cells?

A
  • connect at horizonatal interface

- bind myocytes together

48
Q

How do gap junctions connect and what is their function in cardiac cells?

A
  • connect at vertical interface
  • electrical communication
  • essential to coordinated cardiac cycle
49
Q

What is the epithelium of the epicardium the same as?

A

same as the visceral layer of serous pericardium

50
Q

What tissue may be found in the epicardium?

A

fatty tissue

51
Q

What features branch out from the epicardium?

A

contains main branches of coronary arteries

52
Q

What are the 4 heart chambers?

A
  1. right atrium
  2. left atrium
  3. right ventricle
  4. left ventricle
53
Q

What is the direction of blood flow controlled by?

A

valves (which prevent backflow)

54
Q

What are the 4 heart borders?

A
  1. left border
  2. right border
  3. superior border
  4. inferior border
55
Q

What makes up the left border of the heart?

A

mainly by l. ventricle (but a little bit by l.atrium also)

56
Q

What makes up the right border of the heart?

A

mainly by r. atrium (and r. ventricle below)

57
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

control direction of blood flow by preventing back flow

58
Q

Where are cusps on valves derived from?

A

thin structures derived from endocardium

59
Q

How do valves work?

A

passively

60
Q

What 2 structures prevent valve failure and their prolapse?

A
  1. chordae tendinae

2. papillary muscles

61
Q

What are the most common abnormalities in heart valves? (2)

A
  1. incompetence; widening of valve

2. stenosis; narrowing of valve

62
Q

What is the most common infection of the heart valves?

A

bacterial endocarditis

63
Q

What are the 4 heart valves?

A
  1. Tricuspid valve
  2. Mitral valve
  3. Pulmonary valve
  4. Aortic valve
64
Q

What is another name for tricuspid and mitral valves?

A

AV valves

65
Q

What is another name for pulmonary and aortic valves?

A

semi-lunar valves

66
Q

What is the number of papillary muscles related to?

A

number of cusps on the valve it’s attached to

67
Q

How many cusps does each valve have?

A
  • tricuspid; 3
  • pulmonary; 3
  • aortic; 3
  • mitral/bicuspid; 2
68
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton made up of?

A

connective tissue

69
Q

What are 2 main functions of the cardiac skeleton?

A
  1. structural support

2. electrical insulation

70
Q

What is included in the structural support of the cardiac skeleton? (4)

A
  1. atrioventricular septum
  2. roots of great vessels
  3. anchorage for valves
  4. myoctes/ capillary network
71
Q

What is included in the electrical insulation of the cardiac skeleton? (2)

A
  1. atria from ventricles

2. myocardium from great vessels

72
Q

What are SIN and AV nodes externally modulated by?

A
  • vagus nerve (keeps it at 70beats/min)

- sympathetic chain

73
Q

How many major coronary arteries are there?

A

2: right and left

74
Q

What is an aortic sinus?

A
  • anatomic dilation of ascending aorta which occurs just above aortic valve
  • widenings between wall of aorta and each of the 3 cusps of the aortic valve
  • found just above coronary arteries branching
75
Q

What occurs at systole to coronary arteries blood flow?

A
  • openings in aortic sinuses are SHIELDED by aortic valve cusps which open to let blood through aorta
  • no blood gets into coronary arteries
76
Q

What occurs at diastole to coronary arteries blood flow?

A
  • recoil of the aorta closes aortic valve revealing the aortic sinuses
  • blood then FLOWS into coronary arteries at distole
77
Q

On which cardiac layer are coronary arteries located?

A

in the epicardium

78
Q

What happens to myocardium during diastole?

A

It RELAXES; blood can flow into capillaries

79
Q

What can blockage/occlusion of coronary arteries lead to?

A

heart attack (myocardial infarction)

80
Q

What does right coronary artery branch off into around the heart? (2)

A
  1. posterior descending artery

2. right marginal artery

81
Q

What does left coronary artery branch off into around the heart? (2)

A
  1. anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending; LAD)
  2. left cirumflex artery
82
Q

What can be done to branches of coronary arteries in patients with coronary heart disease?

A

Branches can be anastomosed (joined together)

83
Q

What holds the heart in place? (3)

A
  1. hangs by great vessels within fibrous pericardium
  2. dense connective tissue bag
  3. attachments
84
Q

What are some of the attachments which hold the heart in place? (3)

A
  1. central tendon of diaphragm
  2. sternum
  3. roots of great vessels
85
Q

What is the heart lined with?

A

serous pericardium

86
Q

What fluid is secreted from the heart epithelium (visceral layer)?

A

pericardial fluid (lubricant)

87
Q

What is visceral layer bound to?

A

bound to he heart (epithelium of the epicardium)

88
Q

What is the parietal layer bound to?

A

bound to fibrous pericardium

89
Q

Are visceral and parietal layers continous around the heart?

A

Yes; like a closed bag around the heart

90
Q

What does the serous pericardium ensure the heart is able to do?

A

allows freedom of movement during cardiac cycle

2. Cardiovascular System (42 decks)

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