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ETA 4: INFECTION > 6: Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

6: Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Why is antibiotics resistance bad?

A

Because antibiotics are used in routine medical practice in primary and secondary care

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2
Q

What is Antimicrobial Stewardship?

A

A systematic effort to educate + persuade antimicrobial prescribers to follow EVIDENCE-BASED prescribing

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3
Q

What are the benefits of Antimicrobial Stewardship? (3 things)

A
  1. Reduced Abx overuse
  2. Reduce Abx resistance
  3. Reduced Abx resistance developed @ an individual patient level AND community level
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4
Q

Where does MRSA cause infections? (4 places)

A
  1. Skin
  2. Soft tissue
  3. Bone
  4. Blood
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5
Q

Why is MRSA dangerous?

A

Develops resistance to new Abx quickly

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6
Q

How are MRSA infections transmitted?

A

Direct contact from person to person

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of MRSA infections?

A
  1. CA-MRSA (Community Acquired)

2. HA-MRSA (Hospital Acquired

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8
Q

What does CA-MRSA start as?

A

Skin infection

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9
Q

What does HA-MRSA start as?

A

Skin / wound / surgical site infection

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10
Q

What is the Pathogenesis of MRSA Infections?

A
  1. S. aureus synthesises Penicillin-binding Protein 2a (PBP2a)
  2. PBP2a has low affinity for Beta-lactams (produced by Abx)
  3. This low affinity allows for transpeptidase activity and cell wall synthesis
  4. This allows bacteria to grow and reproduce
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11
Q

What does S. aureus synthesise?

A

Penicillin-Binding Protein 2a (PBP2a)

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12
Q

What is special about PBP2a?

A

It has a low affinity for Beta-lactams

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13
Q

What are Beta-lactams produced by?

A

Abx

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14
Q

What does a low affinity for Beta-lactams allow?

A

Allows transpeptidase activity and cell wal synthesis –> allows bacteria to grow and reproduce

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15
Q

How are MRSA infections managed? (5 things)

A
  1. Healthcare professional + public education
  2. Fast detection in the lab
  3. Active surveillance
  4. Patient isolation
  5. Abx therapy
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16
Q

What are the 2 Abx used for MRSA infections?

A
  1. Glycopeptides (but expensive and toxic)

2. Flucloxacillin

17
Q

What does Clostridium difficile cause? (2 things)

A
  1. Mucosal inflammation

2. Diarrhoea

18
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile colitis?

A

Alteration of normal bacteria flora of the colon caused by Abx

19
Q

What is the management of Clostridium difficile?

A

Abx therapy but symptoms may reappear with prolonged Abx use –> so isolate the patient

20
Q

What is the difference between Bactericidal vs Bacteriostatic drugs?

A

Bactericidal: KILL target organism

Bacteriostatic: INHIBIT / DELAY bacteria growth / reproduction

21
Q

What is an example of a Bactericidal drug?

A

Penicillin

22
Q

What is an example of a Bacteriostatic drug?

A

Tetracycline

23
Q

Can some Abx be both Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic?

A

Yes

24
Q

What are the 6 Mechanisms of Action of antimicrobial agents?

A
  1. Block pathogens Recognition / Attatchment to host
  2. Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis
  3. Disrupt components of Cytoplasmic Membrane
  4. Inhibit General Metabolic Pathways
  5. Inhibit Protein Synthesis
  6. Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis

(learn dem from outside of cell to inside nucleus ygm)

25
Q

How does blocking pathogens Recognition / Attatchment to host work?

A

Stops virus from attaching to + entering the cell

26
Q

How does inhibiting Cell Wall Synthesis work?

A

Prevents peptidoglycan synthesis by preventing CROSS-LINKING of NAM subunits (N-acetyglucosamine n dem man)

27
Q

How does disrupting components of Cytoplasmic Membrane work?

A

Damages cell membrane –> causes leakage of important solutes needed for cell survival

28
Q

How does inhibiting Protein Synthesis work?

A

This targets Mitochondria

Binds to subunits of ribosomes and disrupts protein metabolism

29
Q

How does inhibiting Nucleic Acid Synthesis work?

A

Interrupts DNA replication / RNA translation

–> This inhibits bacterial multiplication + survival

30
Q

What are the 2 spectrums of action of Antimicrobial Agents?

A
  1. Broad Spectrum

2. Narrow Spectrum

31
Q

What organisms are Broad Spectrum agents used for?

A

Gram +ve and -ve organisms

Broad secret agent attack InstaGram models that are both +ve and -ve

32
Q

What organisms are Narrow Spectrum agents used for?

A

Particular species of microorganisms

Narrow secret agents attack specific influencers

33
Q

What are the 3 routes of Antimicrobial Administration?

A
  1. Orally
  2. Intramuscular
  3. IV
34
Q

Even though Oral administration reaches the same therapeutic blood levels as rapidly as IV, when is IV preferred? (3 times)

A
  1. Oral can’t be tolerated (patient vomiting)
  2. Oral can’ be absorbed (malabsorbtion)
  3. Patient critically ill
35
Q

What are the 3 side effects of Antimicrobial Agents?

A
  1. Toxicity
  2. Allergies
  3. Changes to Normal Flora

TAC

36
Q

What can Antimicrobial Agents be toxic to? (4 things)

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Liver
  3. Nerves
  4. Unborn foetus

Secret agent poisons you

37
Q

What can allergies (from Antimicrobial Agents) cause?

A

Anaphylactic shock –> Death

Secret agent shocks you and kills you

38
Q

What does changes to normal flora (caused by Antimicrobial Agents) cause?

A

Opportunistic pathogens to cause secondary infections

Secret agent makes makes your opps morphe into secondary school opps dat kill u

ETA 4: INFECTION (10 decks)

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