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Bio 202 Exam > 6 - Amphibians 2 > Flashcards

6 - Amphibians 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Amphibian skin functions

A
  • defense
  • gas exchange
  • temperature regulation
  • absorption and storage of water
  • keratin deposits may produce warts, claws, or other hard structures
  • glands
  • chromatophores
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2
Q

Skin glands

A
  • granular glands - noxious or toxic secretions

- mucous glands - prevents drying

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3
Q

Chromatophores

A

colour and colour changes

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4
Q

Skeleton in fish

A
  • for protection of internal organs
  • points of attachment for muscles
  • keep body from collapsing during movement
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5
Q

Terrestrial vertebrate skeleton uses

A

provide support against gravity and support more powerful muscles
- depend on appendages, not body wall for locomotion

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6
Q

Skull modifications

A
  • flattened, fewer bony elements than fish

- jaw structure and musculature modified for capturing and holding prey

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7
Q

Vertebral column modifications

A
  • provides support and flexibility on land
  • zygapophyses on vertebrae prevent twisting
  • single cervical and sacral vertebra
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8
Q

Sternum modifications

A

supports forelimbs and protects internal organs

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9
Q

Pelvic girdle modifications

A

supports hindlimbs

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10
Q

Tongue in fish

A

just a fleshy structure on floor of mouth. no food manipulation

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11
Q

Tongue in amphibians - anurans

A

tongue is used to capture prey

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12
Q

Circulation and gas exchange adaptations for life divided between aquatic and terrestrial habitats

A
  • similar separation of pulmonary and systemic circuits to lungfishes
  • cutaneous gas exchange results in highly oxygenated blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit
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13
Q

Lymphatic system

A
  • well-developed
  • returns fluids, proteins an ions from tissues to circulatory system
  • transports water absorbed across skin
  • multiple lymphatic hearts help move fluid made mostly of water
  • belly patch takes up water in skin
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14
Q

Gas exchange

A
  • moist thin surface with blood vessels = exchanges gas
  • cutaneous respiration
  • buccopharyngeal respiration (mouth has lots of blood vessels for gas exchange)
  • gills (larva)
  • lungs
  • uses depend on species and circumstances (ex when completely submerged = just cutaneous, blood flow to lungs constricts)
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15
Q

Salamander lungs

A

simple sacs

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16
Q

Frog lungs

A

more surface area than salamander lungs

17
Q

Lungs used when

A

when increased activity and higher temperatures

18
Q

Temperature regulation

A
  • ectothermic like fish
  • behavioural temperature regulation
  • cooling: nocturnal, burrowing
  • warming: basking
19
Q

Nitrogenous wastes

A

aquatic forms: ammonia

terrestrial forms: urea (more energy to make but less toxicity since not in water)

20
Q

Osmoregulation in water

A

excrete excess water and conserve ions with kidneys and urinary bladder

21
Q

Osmoregulation on land

A

conserve water with behaviours:

  • nocturnal
  • body posture that maximizes surface area when sitting in puddle
  • can reabsorb water from bladder
  • cocoons (aestivation, basically hiding in body secretions while it’s dry)
  • cutaneous absorption
  • storage in lymph sacs and urinary bladder
22
Q

Reproduction extrinsic factors

A

temperate regions - temperature

tropical regions - rainy season

23
Q

Courtship

A

salamanders: olfactory and visual cues
anurans: tactile and auditory cues

24
Q

Vocalizations

A
  • male anurans
  • attract females and territorial for males
  • calls are species specific
  • useful for organisms in dispersed habitat that must get together for breeding
25
Q

Maternal care

A

Salamanders and caecilians with internal fertilization

26
Q

Paternal care

A

anurans (external fertilization):

  • aeration of aquatic eggs
  • cleaning or moistenng of errestrial eggs
  • protection of eggs from predators
  • removal of dead or infected eggs

In some species parent caries eggs externally

27
Q

Rheobatrachus

A
  • presumed extinct
  • females brooded young in stomachs
  • young emerged through mouth
28
Q

Metamorphosis

A
  • most dramatic in anurans but happens in salamanders and caecilians
  • controlled by neurosecretions of the hypothalamus, hormones of anterior pituitary and thyroid gland
  • mechanisms explain paedomorphosis
29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus links nervous and endocrine systems by pituitary gland. Secretes hormones that stimulate or inhibit productions of hormones in anterior pituitary

30
Q

Explain metamorphosis

A
  • timed changes [ ] of prolactin, theyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) control it
  • hypothalamus and pituitary develop in tadpole, hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormane and prolactin-inhibiting hormone
  • causes pituitary gland to release thyroid stimulating hormone to stop production of prolactin
  • concentrations of t4 and t3 rise, starting metamorphosis

Bio 202 Exam (12 decks)

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