10 - Birds 2

Question 1

Endothermic

Answer 1

create their own body temperature and regulate it

Question 2

What makes endothermy and flight possible

Answer 2

high metabolic rates

Question 3

What kind of animal has the highest rate of oxygen consumption

Answer 3

birds

Question 4

Bills and tongues and moveable heads

Answer 4

highly modified for a wide variety of feeding habits because no front limbs other than wings
Bills reflect what they do. Ex: ripping apart prey, catching prey in water, breaking up nuts and seeds, filter feeding, pecking trees

Question 5

Woodpecker

Answer 5

has a tongue so long it wraps around its skull while not in use. Used to get bugs out of trees

Question 6

Hummingbirds

Answer 6

have a tongue with a lamella and supporting rod to suck up nectar

Question 7

Digestive tract

Answer 7

crop: storage
stromach:
- proventriculus - secretes gastric juices
- ventriculus (gizzard) - muscular, for grinding

Question 8

Heart and circulation

Answer 8

• separated atria and ventricles = separate pulmonary and systemic circuits
• sinus venosus = patch of tissue in right atrium serving as pacemaker
• rapid heart rate

Question 9

What kind of breathing do birds do to be efficient

Answer 9

unidirectional lung ventilation

Question 10

Our type of breathing

Answer 10

tidal ventilation

Question 11

Unidirectional lung ventilation

Answer 11

• air sacs
• parabronchi
• continuous movement of oxygen rich air over respiratory surfaces during inspiration and expiration

Question 12

Respiratory cycles

Answer 12

2 cycles of inspiration and expiration

1. inspiration: air goes from bronchus to abdominal air ascs
   expiration: goes to parabronchi
2. inspiration: into thoracic air sac
   expiration: out of body

Question 13

Thermoregulation of feet on ice

Answer 13

Counter-current exchange
Warm blood goes toward cold foot but transfers heat to cold blood coming from foot before it gets there so that no heat is lost and warm blood in vein goes back up to body
Just enough heat reaches feet to keep them from freezing

Question 14

Heat conservationi

Answer 14

• fluffing feathers to decrease heat loss
• tucking bill into feathers
• countercurrent heat exchange in legs

Question 15

Heat generation

Answer 15

Shivering

muscular activity in flight

Question 16

Osmoregulation

Answer 16

marine birds drink only salt water and kidneys need help. So sea birds have a salt gland, salt gland duct and tube nostril to secrete salt

Question 17

Egg formation in birds

Answer 17

• egg is ovulated into ostium
• travels through the oviduct
• magnum adds first layers of albumen
• isthmus adds inner membrane and outer shell membrane and albumen
• the shell gland adds albumen, shell, pigments
• leaves through vagina then cloaca

Question 18

Reproduction in birds

Answer 18

• oviparous
• left ovary develops and releases eggs to large ostium
• Albumen secreted by oviduct
• shell gland secretes shell around fertilized eggs

Question 19

Mating in birds

Answer 19

Most are monogamous
Territories and courtship are common
Some are polygynous
Some are polyandrous

Some young are altricial while some are precocial

Question 20

Monogamous

Answer 20

stay together all of their lives, one partner

Question 21

Polygynous

Answer 21

territorial males defending up to 10 females who only mate with 1 male

Question 22

polyandrous

Answer 22

females mate with more than 1 male

Question 23

Altricial young

Answer 23

entirely dependent on parents at birth. Endothermy not developed

Question 24

Precocial young

Answer 24

more alert/independant. one parent is usually present though (ex: ducks)