12 - Mammals 2/Human Evolution

Question 1

Delayed fertilization

Answer 1

sperm is retained in animal till they wake up. fertilization happens once they have more resources

Question 2

What period did primates arise

Answer 2

cretaceous
65mya
- the big extinction of dinos
- nocturnal mammals emerged during the day
- tree animals that ate insects (archicebus achilles)

Question 3

Primate characteristics (7)

Answer 3

• colour vision
• binocular vision and depth perception (eyes in front)
• center of gravity shifted over hindlimbs
• nails
• sensitive foot and hand pads for moving in trees
• friction ridges
• medial digits of hands and feet opposable

Question 4

Primates suborders

Answer 4

Strepsirhini: 7 families include Lemurs, aye-aye, bush babies
Haplorhini: 6 families

Question 5

Lemurs

Answer 5

5 digits

tail

Question 6

Suborder haplorhini 6 families

Answer 6

• Tarsiidae (tarsiers)
• callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins)
• cebidae (capuchin-like monkeys)
• cercopithecidae (mandrils, baboons, macaques)
• hylobatidae (gibbons, siamang)
• hominidae

Question 7

Hominidae subfamilies

Answer 7

Ponginae: oranguatan
Homininae: has 2 tribes

Question 8

Homininae tribes

Answer 8

Gorillini: gorilla

Hominini

Question 9

First apes

Answer 9

25 mya

• highlands and savannahs created by geographical/climactic changes in eastern africa
• Apes became terrestrial: changed diet to grains, tubers, dead animals. upright posture+bipedal locomotion favoured (better for walking, looking for things like food/predators). Skull changes in human ancestors (face less protruding as brain enlarged, reduction in size of jaws, teeth and supraorbital ridges)

Question 10

Homindae

Answer 10

family of suborder haplorhini

apes: gorilla, chimps, orangutan and humans

Question 11

Homininae (subfamily) and Hominini (tribe)

Answer 11

Contains chimps and humans

Question 12

Hominin

Answer 12

term used to refer to chimps and members of human lineage

Question 13

Hominini

Answer 13

Used to refer only to human lineage without chimps

Question 14

Panina

Answer 14

Subtribe designating the chimpanzee lineage

Question 15

Hominina

Answer 15

Subtribe designating human lineage

Question 16

Earliest hominins

Answer 16

• Sahelanthropus tchadensis (6mya)

- Australopithecus (3.9-2mya)

Question 17

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Answer 17

• 6 mya
• mixture of ape and hominin features
• close to human/chimp divergence

Question 18

Australopithecus

Answer 18

• 3.9-2mya
• A. afarensis (lucy - 3mya), bipedal based on pelvis and leg structures
• A. africanus (3-2 mya)

Question 19

Important step for humans

Answer 19

Tools and weapons

Question 20

Lake Turkana

Answer 20

• not a single line of humans
• many species at one time
• found turkana boy, that was bigger than us but walked on 2 feet and used hands to carry things. Also made tools which could be taught
• good fossils because volcanic area

Question 21

Evolution of hominins and advances

Answer 21

• H. habilis - 2.4 mya (“handy man”, stone tools)
• H. Erectus - 1.8 mya (tools, hunting and fire - turkana boy)
• H. Sapiens - 195 000 ya (sophisticated tools, hunting, engraving, art)

Fully modern humans present 30 000 ya

Question 22

Cave paintings

Answer 22

• pass information without genetics, but through behaviour and culture

Question 23

Culture

Answer 23

• system of nongenetic behaviours, symbols, beliefs, institutions and tech characteristic of a group that is transmitted through generations
• Predominantly human trait
• Cultural evolutions = when culture changes over time:
  Not based on organic evolution: rather learning

Question 24

Cultural evolution

Answer 24

• hunters and gatherers
• agricultural revolution
• industrial revolution
• genetic revolution