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Term 5: Behavioral Science > 6/25- Late Adulthood > Flashcards

6/25- Late Adulthood Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some physical changes occurring in middle age?

A

(40-65 yo)

  • Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output crest by mid-twenties
  • Physical vigor in early and middle adulthood is mostly related to health and exercise habits
  • Menopause is well tolerated by most women
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2
Q

What are some cognitive changes occurring in middle age?

A

Crystallized intelligence (accumulate knowledge) increases up to old age such that those in literature, history, andphilosophy may produce best work in their 40s or thereafter

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3
Q

What are some physical and cognitive changes declining in late adulthood?

A

(> 65 yo)

  • Visual acuity
  • Adaptation to light level changes
  • Reaction time
  • Hearing
  • Distance perception
  • Processing speed changes such that car accident rates per mile reach high teenage level by ~75 yo*
  • Fluid intelligence (one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly) decreases slowly during adulthood; thus scientists and mathematicians may be most creative in late 20s through 30s

*These factors all feed into decreased driving ability, even in the ABSENCE of any cognitive changes!

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4
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Accumulated knowledge

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5
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

One’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly

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6
Q

What does vocabulary look like in normal aging?

A

Stable/improving

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7
Q

What does attention look like in normal aging?

A

Simple attention: stable/mild decline

Complex attention: mild decline

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8
Q

How does language change during normal aging?

A

- Communication: stable

- Syntax: stable

- Fluency: mild decline

- Comprehension: stable/mild decline

In normal aging, people should be able to converse normally!

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9
Q

How does memory change during normal aging?

A

Immediate: stable/mild decline (should be able to follow directions/understand conversation)

Working: mild/moderate decline (remembering a telephone number)

Recent: moderate decline

Implicit: stable/mild decline

Thus, memory does have some understood decline in normal aging (not so much in language)

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10
Q

How do visuospatial aspects change in normal aging?

A
  • Design copying: variable

- Topographical orientation: decline

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11
Q

How does processing speed change in normal aging?

A

Declining

  • Includes reaction time
  • Might take people a second or so longer to respond to complex direction/instruction
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12
Q

How does executive function change in normal aging?

A

(All are mild/moderate decline)

- Cognitive flexibility: mild/moderate decline (changing current stream of thought/override stimuli, such as with word name/color)

- Logical problem solving: mild/moderate decline

- Practical reasoning: mild/moderate decline

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13
Q

What is involved in the non-stage theories concerning the developmental tasks of adulthood?

A
  • Life events and experiences are more important than chronical age given the increasing variability in family and societal structure
  • Emphasize that the social clock, i.e. the “right time” to “accomplish” a task (e.g. leaving home, getting a job) can vary between cultures and eras
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14
Q

What is involved in the stage theories concerning the developmental tasks of adulthood?

A
  • Early vulnerabilities in “accomplishing” stage related tasks may predispose to subsequent difficulties
  • This is the basis of Erikson’s stages
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15
Q

What did Erikson say about the 20-40 yo age group?

  • Key social agents?
  • Outcome?
A

Intimacy vs. Isolation

- Key social agent: intimate partners, spouses, close friends

- Outcome: mature love

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16
Q

What did Erikson say about the 40-65 yo age group?

  • Key social agents?
  • Outcome?
A

Generativity vs. Stagnation

- Key social agent: spouse, children, culture/norms

- Outcome: ability to care

17
Q

What did Erikson say about the >65 yo age group?

  • Key social agents?
  • Outcome?
A

Ego-integrity vs. Despair

- Key social agent: inner self (?)

- Outcome: wisdom

18
Q

Tasks of early adulthood?

A
  • Separating psychologically from parents
  • Establishing adult relationships with parents
  • Accepting responsibility for one’s own person
  • Developing capacity for intimacy with a - partner
  • Deciding on whether to have children
  • Relating to children
  • Acquiring marketable skills
  • Choosing a career
  • Working with a mentor
  • Assuming a social role
  • Adopting ethical and spiritual values
19
Q

Tasks of middle adulthood?

A
  • Adjusting to changes in body and sexuality
  • Adapting to vulnerability to illness

- Accepting limitations of personal time

  • Adjusting to morbidity and mortality of parents and contemporaries
  • Facing the realities of death
  • Deepening relationships with offspring and grandchildren

- Maintaining old friendships and creating new ones

- Developing resonance with people of all ages

  • Refining work identity
  • Mentoring to transmit skills and values to the young
  • Accepting social responsibility and change
20
Q

Tasks of late adulthood?

A
  • Maintaining physical health and adapting to infirmities or disabilities
  • Developing ways to use remaining time in gratifying ways (i.e. in retirement)
  • Adapting to loss of partner and friends

- Maintaining old or forming new social contacts and support system

- Accepting different roles with children and grandchildren

  • Using financial resources wisely, for self and others (in terms of managing with lower income or using it to benefit those who come after you)
21
Q

T/F: Older individuals tend to use one side of their brain more than the other? Results?

A

False; older individuals tend to use both sides of their brain more

  • Increased hemispheric participation can also better integrate affect with cognition
22
Q

What is an outcome of slower functioning that occurs in normal aging?

A

Slower functioning may allow older adults more time to think through things

23
Q

Older adults demonstrate what in terms of brain wave patterns?

A

Increased complexity of brain wave patterns during information processing

  • Suggests a greater number of better organized neural networks
24
Q

What occurs anatomically in the brain of older individuals? Results?

A
  • Increased gray matter in the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes later in life

Related to:

  • “self-transcendence”
  • Mature creativity
  • Openness to divergent feelings and thoughts
  • Sense of connectedness with others
25
Q

T/F: Depressive illness in the elderly is normative

A

False! Depressive illness in the elderly is NOT normative

26
Q

What are risk factors for depression in elderly?

A
  • Female
  • Unmarried
  • Widowed
  • Life stress
  • Lack of social network
  • Physical illness
27
Q

Who carries the highest risk for suicide?

A

Elderly white males

28
Q

What age group has the highest fear of death?

A

Highest in middle age

  • Most older people DO NOT have a dread of death!
  • Older people report as much happiness and satisfaction with life as younger people
29
Q

T/F: The elderly remain sexually active

A

True

30
Q

What is bereavement?

A

The state or condition caused by loss through death

  • Not really the feelings, but the state
31
Q

What is b?

A

The sorrow, hurt, anger, guilt, confusion, and other feelings that arise after suffering loss

  • The emotional state experienced
32
Q

What is mourning?

A

The ways in which we express our grief

  • e.g. wearing black, burial process
  • Some is cultural (mourn different for firefighter vs. someone else in the community)
33
Q

What are the stages of the grief process?

A

Acknowledge the reality of loss: acknowledge loss and realize that it affects every aspect of life

Work through the emotional turmoil: find effective ways to confront and express the complete range of emotions being experienced

Adjust to the environment in which the deceased person is absent: define new patterns of living

Loosen ties to the deceased: free from bonds of the deceased in order to re-engage with social network

34
Q

What are the two parts of dealing with bereavement int he dual process model?

A
  • Loss-oriented stressors
  • Restoration-oriented stressors
35
Q

What are some loss-oriented stressors?

A
  • Grief work
  • Intrusion of grief
  • Breaking bonds, ties, relocation of the deceased person
  • Denial/avoidance of restoration changes
36
Q

What are some restoration-oriented stressors?

A
  • Attending to life changes
  • Doing new things
  • Distraction from grief
  • Denial/avoidance of grief
  • New roles/identities/relationships

Term 5: Behavioral Science (24 decks)

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