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Term 5: Behavioral Science > 5/26- Human Devo & Psychopathology > Flashcards

5/26- Human Devo & Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Broad organizational categories/themes in Behavioral Sciences?

A
  • Cross-sectional (e.g. stages of life)
  • Developmental themes (e.g. language, emotions, psychosexual)
  • Pathology (e.g. bullying, autism, eating disorders)
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2
Q

How to best learn normal behavior (to provide patient context)?

A
  • Knowledge about what is normal in diff stages of the lifespan
  • Information on pathology (use to understand normal)
  • Discussion of application (e.g. gender identity)

(- Outside lecture activities)

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3
Q

What is development (def)?

A

Systematic continuities and changes that individuals display over the course of their lives that reflect the influence of biological maturation and learning

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4
Q

What are some developmental themes (4)?

A
  • Nature vs. Nurture
  • Passive vs. Active
  • Continuity vs. Discontinuity (and non-linearity)
  • Universal vs. Context-dependent
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5
Q

Different frameworks to understand development?

A
  • Cross-sectional (life stages)
  • Longitudinal (e.g. attachment, language)
  • Contextual (historical, cultural, familial/extra-familial)
  • Developmental (biological, cognitive, emotional, psychosocial)
  • Pyschoanalytic theories (Freud, Erikson, Mahler)
  • Learning theories…

And more…

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6
Q

Five stages of infancy and toddlerhood?

A
  • Prenatal
  • 0-2 mo
  • 2-7 mo
  • 7-18 mo
  • 18-36 mo
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7
Q

Factors in the prenatal stage?

A
  • In utero exposures to toxins
  • Health complications
  • Maternal emotional well-being
  • Parental expectations for fetus
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8
Q

Primitive motor reflexes in infancy (7)?

A
  • Rooting
  • Sucking
  • Moro
  • Blink
  • Babinski
  • Palmar
  • Stepping
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9
Q

Age of disappearance and significance of root reflex?

A

Touching baby on cheek causes their turning toward it

  • Disappears at 3-4 wks (replaced by voluntary head turning)
  • Helps baby find nipple
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10
Q

Age of disappearance and significance of sucking reflex?

A
  • Disappears at 4 mo (replaced by voluntary sucking)
  • Permits feeding
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11
Q

Age of disappearance and significance of moro reflex?

A

Any loud noise/putting child down startles the baby and wakes them up (why some people swaddle)

  • Disappears at 6 mo
  • May help baby cling to mom
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12
Q

Age of disappearance and significance of blink reflex?

A
  • Permanent
  • Protects eyes
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13
Q

Age of disappearance and significance of Babinski reflex?

A

Toes point up/fan out if you stroke/press along bottom of foot

  • Disappears at 8-12 months
  • Remnant of evolution
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14
Q

Age of disappearance and significance of palmar reflex?

A

Newborn holds very tightly to finger/hand in newborn’s grip

  • Disappears 3-4 mo
  • Precursor to voluntary walking
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15
Q

Age of disappearance and significance of stepping reflex?

A

Newborn will start making walking movements if held upright

  • Disappears at 2-3 mo
  • Precursor to voluntary walking
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16
Q

Main characteristics at 0-2 mo?

A

Maintaining homeostasis

(Physiological equilibrium in the face of internal and external stimuli)

  • Sleep
  • Hunger/thirst
  • Stimulation (via eye contact)
17
Q

Motor milestones at 0-2 mo?

A

Birth: turns head side to side

2 mo: visually tracks and lifts head when prone

18
Q

Social/emotional milestones at 0-2 mo?

A

2 mo: social smile and can respond to facial expression

(6 wks- 6 mo: indiscriminate attachment)

19
Q

Social/emotional at 2-7 mo?

A
  • Increased social reciprocity between the infant and caregiver(s)
  • Specific attachment phase: shows a preference and increased attachment to a particular caregiver (7-9 mo)
20
Q

Motor milestones at 2-7 mo?

A

Much more interactive; starting to get a sense of their bodies

  • Reaches for objects (4-5 mo)
  • Roll back to side (4 mo)
  • Roll front to back (6 mo)
  • Sit with support (6 mo)
  • Sit without support (9 mo)
  • Transfer objects hand to hand (6-7 mo)

Order: back to side <= reach < front to back < sit with support < transfer < sit without support

21
Q

Social at 7-18 mo?

A
  • Reciprocal communication and social preference or belonging
  • Devo of inter-subjectivity or the understanding that their thoughts, feelings, gestures and sounds can be heard by others; sense of who they are
  • Stranger anxiety (begins at 8 mo; peaks ~ 24 mo)
  • Separation anxiety (begins 6-8 mo; peaks 14-18 mo)
22
Q

Motor milestones at 7-18 mo?

A
  • Crawl (6-9 mo)
  • Pull to stand (9 mo)
  • Walking (12 mo)
23
Q

What did Erik Erickson say?

A

Developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst

Came up with 8 psychosocial stages (or general conflicts) from birth to death

24
Q

Erickson’s psychosocial stages?

A

(Theoretical stages chart on blackboard)

  • Infancy: trust vs. mistrust
  • Early childhood: autonomy vs. shame/doubt
  • Preschool: initiative vs. guilt
  • School: industry vs. inferiority
  • Adolescence: identity vs. role confusion
  • Young adulthood: infancy vs. isolation
  • Middle adulthood: generativity vs. stagnation
  • Maturity: ego integrity vs. despair
25
Q

Major conflicts in infancy (trust vs. mistrust)

A

Is my world safe? (learned via caregiver)

  • Attentive, reliable, caring, and affectionate caregiver
  • When these are absent, infants mistrust that the world is a safe place
26
Q

Implicit memories are formed when?

A

Before language; early in life

27
Q

Importance of Jean Piaget?

A
  • Swiss developmental psychologist, philosopher, scientist of nature
  • Influenced by psycholanalyst Carl Jung; interested in how children develop their minds
  • Best known for 4 stages of cognitive development
28
Q

Piaget’s cognitive development stages?

A

- Sensorimotor: infancy

  • Preoperational: preschool - early elementary
  • Concrete operations: middle - late elementary
  • Formal operations: adolescence - adulthood
29
Q

Sensorimotor stage hallmarks?

A
  • Sensory input + motor capabilities = behavior schemes (“act on” and “get to know” their environments)
  • Young infants have little sense of object permanence early on

Ex)

  • Object permanence
  • “A-Not-B Error Fail” (object permanence, but primitive)
30
Q

What is temperament (def)?

A

A biological foundation for individual variations in behavior that are genetically influenced and persistent over time

31
Q

9 dimensions of temperament (Thomas and Chess)

A
  • Activity level
  • Rhythmicity (regularity of sleep/feeding)
  • Approach or withdrawal (+, withdrawing, -; response to new stimulus)
  • Adaptability
  • Threshold of responsiveness (level of stimulation to elicit noticeable response)
  • Intensity of reaction
  • Quality of mood (generally happy, fussy, sad…)
  • Distractability
  • Attention span and persistence (tenacity)

Discovered that aspects of temperament tended to cluster and continue over time

Term 5: Behavioral Science (24 decks)

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