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Term 5: Behavioral Science > 6/10- Neuroscience of Adolescence > Flashcards

6/10- Neuroscience of Adolescence Flashcards

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1
Q

Common disorders seen to arise in adolescence? Estimated age ranges?

A
  • Impulse control disorders (early; 5-15)
  • Anxiety disorders (early; 5-20)
  • Substance use disorders (12-25)
  • Schizophrenia (12-23)
  • Mood disorders (relatively long; 15-37)

IMPORTANT SLIDE!!!

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2
Q

Adolescent ___ is associated with adult ___? Examples?

A

Adolescent problem behavior is associated with adult psychopathology

Early problem behavior:

  • Tobacco use
  • Alcohol use
  • Drug use
  • Trouble with police
  • Sexual intercourse

Externalizing disorders:

  • Antisocial personality disorder
  • Drug abuse/dependency
  • Alcohol abuse/dependence
  • Nicotine dependence
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3
Q

What are the primitive regions of the brain (divisions)?

A
  • Rhomboencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Telencephalon
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4
Q

What neuronal mechanisms influence formation and maintenance of connections?

A
  • Migration (neural movement)
  • Aborization (extension of dendritic arms of the cells)
  • Pruning (neuronal loss)
  • Myelination (“insulation” of the axons)
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5
Q

Timeline and result of disruption: migration?

A
  • Occurs prenatally
  • Disruptions during 2nd TM implicated in schizophrenia and other disorders
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6
Q

Timeline and result of disruption: pruning?

A
  • Increases at ~ age 2
  • Brian processing becomes faster as superfluous connections are trimmed
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7
Q

Timeline and result of disruption: myelination?

A
  • Different areas of the brain complete myelination at different ages
  • Cortical association areas finish myelinating later so complex reasoning less in childhood

- Frontal lobes finish myelinating later, influencing attention, decision making, impulse control

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8
Q

T/F: There are different patterns of white matter maturation during adolescence?

Measured by what?

A

True;

  • Relative white matter volume
  • Centered MT ratio
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9
Q

T/F: Grey matter consistently increases during neuronal maturity

A

False; there are increases and decreases

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10
Q

What disease specific patterns may be seen in brain development (by brain volume and grey matter volume)

A
  • ADHD
  • COS: childhood-onset schizophrenia (progressive and region-specific loss of cortical gray matter)
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11
Q

Common genetic variants influence what structures? How/what influences?

A

Common genetic variants influence human subcortical brain structures; this paper shows single genetic variant that can influence size and shape of putamen

  • Variants influencing putamen volume clustered near developmental genes that regulate apoptosis, axon guidance, and vesicle transport
  • Identification of these genetic variants provides insight into the causes of variability in human brain development, and may help to determine mechanisms of neuropsychiatric dysfunction
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12
Q

T/F: The propensity to use drugs is a uniquely human phenomenon?

A

False (also seen in bees, birds, cats…..)

  • Best animal model = self-administration
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13
Q

What are most common drugs of initiation?

A
  • Marijuana (70%)
  • Pain relievers (13%)
  • Inhalants (6%)
  • Tranquilizers (5%)
  • Stimulants (3%)
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14
Q

What population groups are using the most (percentage using during the past month)?

A

- Mostly 18-20 yo (23%)

  • 21-25 yo (20%)
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15
Q

T/F: Past month tobacco use is decreasing

A

True

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16
Q

What percent of the population in the most likely age groups exhibit current, binge, and heavy alcohol use?

A
  • Almost 70% of 21-30 yo
  • Still in the 50’s% throughout 40s and 50s
  • 42% in > 65 yo

No inverted view!

(as in illicit drug use)

17
Q

T/F: Marijuana use is increasing

A

True

  • 6% of the population uses > 300 days/yr
  • 8% of the population uses 20+ days in past month
18
Q

How does nicotine exposure in adolescence change the brain?

A

Changes dendritic arborization process

  • Changes in patterns of synaptic activity
  • Can sculpt late brain development
  • Consequent effects on synaptic interconnection patterns and behavior regulation
19
Q

How does marijuana exposure in adolescence change the brain?

A
  • Heavy marijuana use during adolescence and into young adulthood may be associated with altered neural tissue development and interference with neuromaturation that may have neurobehavioral consequences
  • See increased cortical thickness with increased lifetime marijuana use
  • Actually see differences in baseline (for people using alcohol and marijuana versus control)
  • Some marijuana use does not give rise to these changes, but high and sustained use does
20
Q

T/F: addiction is a failure of resolve/a lack of willpower

A

False; addiction is a brain disease!

21
Q

In what ways is addiction a brain disease?

A
  • Different drugs of abuse target distinct brain networks and nuclei
  • Drugs of abuse alter neuronal networks and brain nuclei
  • Drugs of abuse alter 2nd messengers, transcriptional elements, and eventually DNA synthesis
  • Brain changes caused by genetics (i.e. differential expression of proteins) and the environment (e.g. stress) alter an individual’s response to drugs of abuse
22
Q

Levels of what (NT-related things) predict reinforcing properties?

A

Dopamine (D2) receptor levels predict reinforcing properties

  • Participants who liked the effects of methylphenidate had significantly lower levels of D2R

Dopamine transporter genotype predicts reinforcing effects of amphetamine

  • There is decreased dopamine transporter in meth abusers (in caudate and putamen)
  • 9/9 genotype doesn’t feel amphetamine effect as much (9/10 intermediate and 10/10 experience great effect and are most susceptible to abuse)
23
Q

How does the environment effect neuroscience/development: enriched environment?

A

More:

  • Neurons and synaptic connections
  • Blood capillaries
  • Mitochondrial activation

(rats)

24
Q

How does the environment effect neuroscience/development: sight of mother’s face?

A

Sight of mother’s face stimulates endogenous opiates and the production of CRF in infant’s hypothalamus

  • Activating sympathetic nervous system
  • CRF also stimulates production of dopamine
25
Q

How does the environment effect neuroscience/development: prolonged stress?

A

Prolonged stress results in neuron loss, especially in hippocampus

26
Q

How does the environment effect neuroscience/development: abuse, neglect, under-stimulation and prolonged shame?

A
  • Decrease level of endorphins, CRF, and dopamine
  • Increase stress hormones and noradrenaline
27
Q

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) increase risk of what?

A
  • Depression (~4x)
  • Alcoholism (~4x)
  • Illicit drug use (~3x)
28
Q

___ increases the likelihood of depression, but ___ plays an important role

A

Stress increases the likelihood of depression, but genetics plays an important role

  • Function of genotype for serotonin transporter (ss are 2-4x more likely to develop major depression)
29
Q

Leading causes of death (2010)

A
  • Heart disease
  • Cancer
  • Respiratory diseases
  • Stroke
  • Accidents
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Diabetes
  • Nephritis
  • Influenza

- Suicide

30
Q

Link between depression and suicide:

__% are depressed at time of suicide

__% lifetime risk of suicide with untreated major depressive disorder

__% lifetime risk of suicide with treated major depressive disorder

A

Link between depression and suicide:

67% are depressed at time of suicide (probably more that just didn’t see doctor)

20% lifetime risk of suicide with untreated major depressive disorder

0.14% lifetime risk of suicide with treated major depressive disorder!

31
Q

What subcortical structures are responsible for processing social/affective information?

A
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
32
Q

Responsibilities of amygdala?

A

Can be the thing that triggers/sucks you back in; so powerful

  • Key in sending and receiving mechanisms for facial expressions, hearing and touch
  • Key component in neural networks associated with experiences of fear, attachment, early memory, emotion throughout life-span;
  • Rapid appraisal of threat
  • Initiates fight/flight response
  • Retains early learning and unconsciously integrates it into present experience;
  • Damage causes deficits in visual memory and auditory recognition of fear and anger
  • Damage results in reduced social judgment
  • Critical component of emotional memory
33
Q

Responsibilities of hippocampus?

A

(Atrophy of hippocampus tied to depression)

  • Vulnerable to sustained stress mediated via glucocorticoids with resultant dendritic degeneration and cell-death
  • Hipppocampal volume decreases with chronic stress
  • Critical for encoding and storage of explicit memory for spatial, semantic, and temporal information
  • Necessary for new episodic and autobiographical learning
  • Damage leads to anterograde amnesia;
  • Biological effect of secure attachment protects hippocampus from stress mediated via glucocorticoids
  • Especially vulnerable to insults of stress or anoxia;
  • Adult women of childhood abuse have decreased left hippocampal volume and increased dissociative symptoms
34
Q

What results from damage to anterior cingulate gyrus?

A
  • Decreased empathy
  • Emotional instability
  • Disruption of HPA and ANS functioning
  • Increased responsiveness to stress
  • Decreased expressiveness
  • Reduced motivation to communicate
  • Mutism
  • Inappropriate social behavior
  • Impulsiveness

Term 5: Behavioral Science (24 decks)

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