5/26- Toddlerhood and Preschool Child: Attachment Flashcards
Different types of emotions in terms of how they develop?
- Those present at birth
- Primary emotions
- Secondary emotions
Emotions present at birth?
- Interest
- Distress
- Disgust
- Contentment
What are primary emotions? When do they appear?
Considered biologically programmed (emerge in normal infants about the same time and in all cultures)
Appear 2-7 mo
- Anger
- Sadness
- Joy (commonly from being able to manipulate environment)
- Surprise
- Fear
What are secondary emotions? When do they appear?
Emerge later, require an understanding of the self
Appear 18-24 mo
- Embarrassment
- Shame
- Guilt
- Envy
- Pride
Ex) Rouge test (putting red mark on kids’ forehead and looking in mirror)
May be influenced by adults
How do the influences of adults affect secondary emotions?
- Amount of pride/shame revealed at succeeding or failing (in 4 and 5 yo) was largely based on mom’s reactions
- Preschoolers are more likely to show self-evaluation emotions only when an adult is around
What is social referencing? When does it start?
- Using others’ emotional expressions to infer meaning of otherwise uncertain situations
- Starts 7-10 mo (monitoring parents’ reactions and adjusting their behavior)
- Toddlers will respond then look to companions (accuracy of response?)
- not just parents, also peers
Ex) mother smiling or expressing fear across a perceived drop off where a toy is
What emotion develops at 24 months? Coincident with what?
- Empathy
- Beginnings of cooperative play (although largely parallel- playing alongside but not with each other)
What develops at 36 months?
- Increased fantasy play
- Can label own gender
Can develop theory of mind (my perspective different from yours)
What develops at 60 months?
- Much more pretend play
Parenting tip for promoting emotional health
The more often 3 yo discusses emotional experiences with family, the better they are at interpreting emotions and setting disputes three years later in school
Motor milestones in preschoolers and toddlers: 15 mo?
Scribble
Motor milestones in preschoolers and toddlers: 18 mo?
- Walk up stairs
- Start to run
Motor milestones in preschoolers and toddlers: 24 mo?
- Climb up and down stairs marking time
- Jump in place
- Put on simple clothes
- Feed self with spoon
Motor milestones in preschoolers and toddlers:36 mo?
- Climb up/down stairs with alternating feet
- Pedal a tricycle
- Draw circle
Motor milestones in preschoolers and toddlers: 4 years
- Catch a large ball
- Draw cross and square (4 corners)
Motor milestones in preschoolers and toddlers: 5 years
- Skip
- Ride bike with training wheels
- Draw triangle
Recall: sensorimotor stage of cognitive development was the highlight of infancy.
Timeline and goals?
- Mastered object permanence (typ by 18 mo)
- Ability to understand symbols (e.g. waving “bye”)
Pre-operational stage of cognitive development (Piaget)-
characteristics and timeline?
2 - 7 years (toddlerhood and childhood)
Child displays:
- Egocentrism (3 mountain task- what can you see from each side; just cause I can see something doesn’t mean you can)
- Animism (giving personas to things; sun unhappy when it’s cloudy, car hurt in car accident)
(covered in school age lecture):
- Centration
- Appearance as reality
- Causality
- Difficulty with the concept of reversibility
What is Erikson’s psychosocial stage/conflict with this age group?
1-3 yo: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
- Young kid start developing skills; become more independent and self-reliant
- Success leads to feelings of autonomy
- Failures lead to feelings of shame/doubt; inhibiting their genuine selves
This correlates with Freud’s Anal stage (psychosocial lecture)
Progression of attachment/phases?
- Asocial phase (0-2 mo)
- Phase of indiscriminate attachment (2-7 mo)
- Phase of specific attachment (7-9 mo)
- Phase of multiple attachment (9-18 mo)
What did Harry Harlow say about attachment?
Studied primates
- separated from mom but provided it with feeding wire monkey vs. cloth monkey
- Primates have instinctive cling to warmth/security
- Baby went to wire for feeding but returned to cloth immediately
Basically attachment is not just a bout food
What did Konrad Lorenz say about attachment?
Worked with imprinting on birds
- Young animal will look at primary caregiver and start to mimic its behavior (e.g. following it)
What did Rene Spitz say about attachment
Worked with maternal deprivation
- Studied babies left in orphanages around the time of WWII
- “From 6-18 mo if child deprived of mother w/out adequate substitute, its development becomes retarded within first 2 mo of separation; increasingly unapproachable, weepy, screaming”
- “In 3rd mo of separation, infant assumes pathognomonic position, rigid expression, developmental level regresses”
- “Infants deprived of mothers in first year of life for > 5 mo deteriorate progressively; lethargic, retarded motility, weight/growth arrested, vacuous face, mvt restricted to bizarre atypical finger mvts; unable to sit, stand, walk, or talk”
- In > 1/3 of the cases, the progressive deterioration of total personality led to murasmus and death by end of 2nd year of life
What did Mary Ainsworth say about attachment?
“The Strange Situation”
- Classified children ages 11-24 mo into 1 of 4 attachment categories
- 21 minute lab procedure
