6

Question 1

Epidemic spawning

Answer 1

A high number of gametes are released into the water by a high number of individuals of both sexes at the same time.
This requires an environmental cue (moon phase, temperature, day length, etc).

Question 2

Internal fertilization

Answer 2

Does not require such a high production of gametes (a rare strategy among aquatic organisms).

Question 3

Semelparous

Answer 3

Short life and reproduce only once.

Salmon, eel.
Trichotera, Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera.

Question 4

Iteroparous

Answer 4

Reproduce many times.

Many fishes, marine crustaceans, some snails and molluses.

Question 5

Univoltine

Answer 5

Aquatic insects in temperate zones produce one generation per year. This is determined by photoperiods.

Question 6

Semivoltine

Answer 6

The life cycle extends over two years.

Emergence like univoltine animals, at a specific predictable time of year.

Question 7

Multivoltine

Answer 7

Species have several life cycles per year.
Common in the tropics (no season).
Emergence patterns often based on lunar (månen) cycles.

Question 8

Dispersal

Answer 8

Most benthic animals have a dispersal phase and a following relatively sedentary phase (after settling at the bottom).

The dispersal phase:
A. Planktonic larvae with a yolk sac (eg salmon).
B. Planktonic larvae without a yolk sac feed on microplankton ie planktotrophic (eg many fishes and invertebrates).

Question 9

“New” production

Answer 9

Utilizes nitrate in the pelagic zone

Question 10

Regenerated production

Answer 10

Utilizes nitrogen from grazing zooplankton feces.