5b-Top-down + bottom up strategies

Question 1

what is a top down strategy

Answer 1

approaches initiated, led
and controlled by governments
and international agencies. They
can impact large areas and can be
well resourced meaning they have
a big impact.

Question 2

what is a bottom up/ grassroot strategy

Answer 2

approaches involve and
empower local communities.
They often involve the
education and participation of
locals and have a direct impact
on them.

Question 3

when did the global Polio Eradication initiative begin

Answer 3

1988

Question 4

success of the GPEI- Global polio eradication initiative

Answer 4

Polio eradicated in Americas

only in small handful of countries = Afghanistan

Question 5

give 1 reason for the continuing endemic of polio in some countries

Answer 5

political instability

Uptake of vaccinations in children uneven = cultural beliefs

Question 6

give one example of a strategy used to tackle malaria in mauritus

Answer 6

screening of passengers before entering country

Question 7

how many passengers are screened annually in Mauritius

Answer 7

175,000

Question 8

what is guinea worm

Answer 8

parasitic worm that is drunk as fleas and grows inside body

Question 9

how many cases of the guinea worm has occurred since 1990-2015 globally

Answer 9

was 3.5 million and is now 22

Question 10

what has been the main strategy in eradicating guinea worm in Ghana

Answer 10

Red Cross teaches women about transmission and prevention who then educate their villages

Question 11

why were women more successful than men in eradicating the disease

Answer 11

women are responsible for collecting the water

Question 12

give an example of a way that women in Ghana reduced the spread of guinea worm

Answer 12

filtering water and ensuring that those infected did not contaminate water supply’s

Question 13

to what extent has the grass roots programme in Ghana been successful in eradicating Guinea worm

Answer 13

very succesfull = no cases in ghana anymore

Question 14

Top down vs bottom up

Answer 14

Top down = initiated by governments/ international companies(Top)
Bottom up = empower local communities- education for example

Bottom up more sustainable but on smaller scale = face less resistance on local level due to working with locals

Question 15

Why did previous strategy’s to tackle Guinea worm by educating males not work

Answer 15

Men usually work outside of villages = women’s role to collect water

Limited success

Question 16

Name 2 responsibilities of women in tackling Guinea worm

Answer 16

1- monitoring + identifying cases of Guinea worm

2- distributing water filter to remove water fleas from water

Question 17

What year did Ghana report its last case of Guinea worm

Answer 17

2010

Question 18

In 2019 how many infected animal of Guinea worm did Chad have

Answer 18

2,000 animals

Makes it a lot harder to eradicate disease- mainly domesticated animals

Question 19

Prior to action what percentage of Mauritius has malaria killed in 1867

Answer 19

1/8

Question 20

Give a brief timeline of the fight against malaria in Mauritius

Answer 20

1948-1951 = government plan launched - spraying of buildings with DTT
- mortality rate reduced 6-0.6 per 1000

1953 = cyclone Gervaise - migrant workers helping to rebuild reintroduced malaria - destruction by cyclone produce new needing grounds

1982 = 2nd elimination campaign - spraying indoors + of breeding sites resume

Since 1998 = steps taken to ensure no reintroduction- screening of passengers at airport
- people showing symptoms kept under surveillance for 4 months

Question 21

How did the mortality rate drop in Mauritius between 1948-1951

Answer 21

6-0.6 per 1000

Question 22

Pic of malaria + Mauritius timeline

Answer 22

Question 23

Mauritius and Ghana are examples of what strategy’s

Answer 23

Mauritius = Top down

Ghana = Bottom up

Both were very effective

Question 24

How many cases of malaria imported since 1997 in Mauritius

Answer 24

1

Question 25

Prior to vaccination and action how many people a year did polio kill

Answer 25

600,000

Question 26

When was the vaccine for polio developed

Answer 26

1952

Question 27

What did the scientist who developed the vaccine for polio do that really helped the eradication of polio

Answer 27

Scientist did not patent drug = much cheaper to produce

Question 28

Where has polio eradication not been successful

Answer 28

Pakistan + Nigeria

Resistance to vaccination programmes due to political + cultural + ignorance factors

Political instability

Question 29

How many health workers have been murdered in Nigeria + Pakistan in recent years interrupting vaccine programs

Answer 29

80