5b-Top-down + bottom up strategies Flashcards
what is a top down strategy
approaches initiated, led
and controlled by governments
and international agencies. They
can impact large areas and can be
well resourced meaning they have
a big impact.
what is a bottom up/ grassroot strategy
approaches involve and
empower local communities.
They often involve the
education and participation of
locals and have a direct impact
on them.
when did the global Polio Eradication initiative begin
1988
success of the GPEI- Global polio eradication initiative
Polio eradicated in Americas
only in small handful of countries = Afghanistan
give 1 reason for the continuing endemic of polio in some countries
political instability
Uptake of vaccinations in children uneven = cultural beliefs
give one example of a strategy used to tackle malaria in mauritus
screening of passengers before entering country
how many passengers are screened annually in Mauritius
175,000
what is guinea worm
parasitic worm that is drunk as fleas and grows inside body
how many cases of the guinea worm has occurred since 1990-2015 globally
was 3.5 million and is now 22
what has been the main strategy in eradicating guinea worm in Ghana
Red Cross teaches women about transmission and prevention who then educate their villages
why were women more successful than men in eradicating the disease
women are responsible for collecting the water
give an example of a way that women in Ghana reduced the spread of guinea worm
filtering water and ensuring that those infected did not contaminate water supply’s
to what extent has the grass roots programme in Ghana been successful in eradicating Guinea worm
very succesfull = no cases in ghana anymore
Top down vs bottom up
Top down = initiated by governments/ international companies(Top)
Bottom up = empower local communities- education for example
Bottom up more sustainable but on smaller scale = face less resistance on local level due to working with locals
Why did previous strategy’s to tackle Guinea worm by educating males not work
Men usually work outside of villages = women’s role to collect water
Limited success
Name 2 responsibilities of women in tackling Guinea worm
1- monitoring + identifying cases of Guinea worm
2- distributing water filter to remove water fleas from water
What year did Ghana report its last case of Guinea worm
2010
In 2019 how many infected animal of Guinea worm did Chad have
2,000 animals
Makes it a lot harder to eradicate disease- mainly domesticated animals
Prior to action what percentage of Mauritius has malaria killed in 1867
1/8
Give a brief timeline of the fight against malaria in Mauritius
1948-1951 = government plan launched - spraying of buildings with DTT
- mortality rate reduced 6-0.6 per 1000
1953 = cyclone Gervaise - migrant workers helping to rebuild reintroduced malaria - destruction by cyclone produce new needing grounds
1982 = 2nd elimination campaign - spraying indoors + of breeding sites resume
Since 1998 = steps taken to ensure no reintroduction- screening of passengers at airport
- people showing symptoms kept under surveillance for 4 months
How did the mortality rate drop in Mauritius between 1948-1951
6-0.6 per 1000
Pic of malaria + Mauritius timeline
Mauritius and Ghana are examples of what strategy’s
Mauritius = Top down
Ghana = Bottom up
Both were very effective
How many cases of malaria imported since 1997 in Mauritius
1
Prior to vaccination and action how many people a year did polio kill
600,000
When was the vaccine for polio developed
1952
What did the scientist who developed the vaccine for polio do that really helped the eradication of polio
Scientist did not patent drug = much cheaper to produce
Where has polio eradication not been successful
Pakistan + Nigeria
Resistance to vaccination programmes due to political + cultural + ignorance factors
Political instability
How many health workers have been murdered in Nigeria + Pakistan in recent years interrupting vaccine programs
80
