5b. Pediatric - Pathologies Flashcards
what is dextracardia
heart is on the opposite side
what is a sign of situs invertus
stomach bubble in right side
does situs invertus or dextrocardia have more complications
dextrocardia as greater vessels may have complications
what is polydactyly
more digits than necessary
what is syndactyly
less digit than necessary
what are the 2 ways that syndactyly can present
just skin joined or bones fused together
what is exostosis
osteochondroma
what is a genetic form of exostosis
hereditary multiple exostoses
what do exostosis present as
growing above joint pokes in skin a little bit so can get knocked and #
what demographic is DDH prevalent in
girls
what are 2 signs of DDH
uneven creases or clicky noise
what lines show that DDH is present
femoral head should be in the inner quadrant of the lines going horizontally between the pubic rami and vertically through the ischial spine
what is talipes
club feet
what causes talipes
developmental disorder in utero
what are the 2 main types of talipes equinovarus
structural and enviromental
does talipes affect males more than females
males
what is scoliosis
curvature of spine
how can scoliosis be dangerous
if its untreated and the curvature of the spine can compromise lung and heart function
what is legg calve perthes disease
avascular necrosis of the femoral head
blood supply through fovea is compromised and femoral head disintegrates due to lack of blood
what 3 factors is DDH more common in
girls
breech position births
first borns
why does the hip spontaneously dislocate in DDH
acetabular shape is too shallow
what parts of the feet and ankle are involved in talipes
ankles and subtalar joints
what are 3 types of # that are indicative of NAIs
skull, rib and bucket handle/corner fractures
what is the mechanism for bucket handle and corner fractures
twisting mechanism
how many types of salter harris classifications are there
1-5
what is a type 1 salter harris classification
epiphyseal slip only
what is a type 2 salter harris classification
fracture through epiphyseal plate with triangle of shaft attached
what is a type 3 salter harris classification
fracture through the epiphysis extending into the epiphyseal plate
what is a type 4 salter harris classification
fracture of epiphysis and shaft, crossing the epiphyseal plate
what is a type 5 salter harris classification
damage to the epiphyseal plate - compressed/squashed
what is plastic bowing
microfractures all along bone but as bone is elastic, it doesnt break
what is a torus/buckle fracture
compression # where it falls and squashes
impaction injury
what is a supracondylar fracture assessed by in terms of lines
anterior humeral line should pass between the 1/2 way mark of the capitulum and the 1/3
what is the acronym for knowing the sequence of ossification center development
CRITOE
what is the sequence of ossification center development
capitellum radial head internal epicondyle trochlea olecranon external epicondyle
what is a SUFE
slipped upper femoral epiphysis
what demographic of kids get SUFE
tubby little kids around 12yo who carry too much weight and puts pressure on the epiphysis
what is an osteosarcoma’s common location
metaphysis of long bones
what are rickets due to
Vitamin D deficiency through lack of sunlight exposure or nutritional deficiency
what are the signs on an image indicating rickets
flaring, cupping, fraying and widening of metaphyseal
what is osteomyelitis
infection, turns all tissues to much and pus
where does osteomyelitis normally occur
ends/metaphysis of long bones
why are greenstick fractures common in paeds
In childhood, the bone is more porous and the periosteum is thicker and more elastic.
what is the difference between buckle and torus fractures
periosteum ‘folding’ under compression, resulting in ‘torus’ fractures, (folded all around)
‘buckle’ fractures, (folded on one side).
what is a soft tissue sign of supracondylar fracture
effusion, fat pad signs
what does pneumonia look like in an xray
round pneumonia as infection forms into a ball
what is bronchiolitis
viral infection
what are the radiological signs on an xray for bronchiolitis
hyper inflation and flat hemidiaphragm in the latearl view and anterior sternal bowing
increased AP diameter
how do you confirm bronchiolitis
count ribs, confirmed if there are more than 7 anterior rib ends above the hemidiaphragm dome
why can you not exhale when there is a foreign body in the airways
can breathe in but cant breathe out as FB forms a plug
how do you tell if there is a foreign body in the lungs based on the xray
lung on one side isnt deflating in expiration if there is FB in main bronchus
what kind of rib fractures are associated with NAIs
healed rib fractures
what is the mechanism of foreign bodies preventing respiration and why is expiration useful
An expiratory film is very useful to confirm air trapping from a ball valve effect. Air can get past the obstruction on inspiration, but the airway gets narrower on expiration and causes air trapping
what are the 3 signs of the xray for bronchiolitis
Hyperinflated lungs
Increased bronchial markings
Atelectatic/collapsed lobes
Air trapping - hyperinflation
how is hyperinflation spotted on xrays for bronchiolitis
Hyperinflation is best recognized on the lateral projection with flat hemidiaphragms, anterior sternal bowing and increased AP chest diameter. On the frontal image, you can count anterior rib ends, > 7 above the dome of the hemidiaphragm is suggestive.
how do you tell if the FB is stuck in the oesophagus or trachea
When a FB is stuck in the oesophagus the widest diameter of the FB is always in the AP view and the narrowest diameter is in the lateral view.
