5b. Pediatric - Pathologies

Question 1

what is dextracardia

Answer 1

heart is on the opposite side

Question 2

what is a sign of situs invertus

Answer 2

stomach bubble in right side

Question 3

does situs invertus or dextrocardia have more complications

Answer 3

dextrocardia as greater vessels may have complications

Question 4

what is polydactyly

Answer 4

more digits than necessary

Question 5

what is syndactyly

Answer 5

less digit than necessary

Question 6

what are the 2 ways that syndactyly can present

Answer 6

just skin joined or bones fused together

Question 7

what is exostosis

Answer 7

osteochondroma

Question 8

what is a genetic form of exostosis

Answer 8

hereditary multiple exostoses

Question 9

what do exostosis present as

Answer 9

growing above joint pokes in skin a little bit so can get knocked and #

Question 10

what demographic is DDH prevalent in

Answer 10

girls

Question 11

what are 2 signs of DDH

Answer 11

uneven creases or clicky noise

Question 12

what lines show that DDH is present

Answer 12

femoral head should be in the inner quadrant of the lines going horizontally between the pubic rami and vertically through the ischial spine

Question 13

what is talipes

Answer 13

club feet

Question 14

what causes talipes

Answer 14

developmental disorder in utero

Question 15

what are the 2 main types of talipes equinovarus

Answer 15

structural and enviromental

Question 16

does talipes affect males more than females

Answer 16

males

Question 17

what is scoliosis

Answer 17

curvature of spine

Question 18

how can scoliosis be dangerous

Answer 18

if its untreated and the curvature of the spine can compromise lung and heart function

Question 19

what is legg calve perthes disease

Answer 19

avascular necrosis of the femoral head

blood supply through fovea is compromised and femoral head disintegrates due to lack of blood

Question 20

what 3 factors is DDH more common in

Answer 20

girls
breech position births
first borns

Question 21

why does the hip spontaneously dislocate in DDH

Answer 21

acetabular shape is too shallow

Question 22

what parts of the feet and ankle are involved in talipes

Answer 22

ankles and subtalar joints

Question 23

what are 3 types of # that are indicative of NAIs

Answer 23

skull, rib and bucket handle/corner fractures

Question 24

what is the mechanism for bucket handle and corner fractures

Answer 24

twisting mechanism

Question 25

how many types of salter harris classifications are there

Answer 25

1-5

Question 26

what is a type 1 salter harris classification

Answer 26

epiphyseal slip only

Question 27

what is a type 2 salter harris classification

Answer 27

fracture through epiphyseal plate with triangle of shaft attached

Question 28

what is a type 3 salter harris classification

Answer 28

fracture through the epiphysis extending into the epiphyseal plate

Question 29

what is a type 4 salter harris classification

Answer 29

fracture of epiphysis and shaft, crossing the epiphyseal plate

Question 30

what is a type 5 salter harris classification

Answer 30

damage to the epiphyseal plate - compressed/squashed

Question 31

what is plastic bowing

Answer 31

microfractures all along bone but as bone is elastic, it doesnt break

Question 32

what is a torus/buckle fracture

Answer 32

compression # where it falls and squashes impaction injury

Question 33

what is a supracondylar fracture assessed by in terms of lines

Answer 33

anterior humeral line should pass between the 1/2 way mark of the capitulum and the 1/3

Question 34

what is the acronym for knowing the sequence of ossification center development

Answer 34

CRITOE

Question 35

what is the sequence of ossification center development

Answer 35

``` capitellum radial head internal epicondyle trochlea olecranon external epicondyle ```

Question 36

what is a SUFE

Answer 36

slipped upper femoral epiphysis

Question 37

what demographic of kids get SUFE

Answer 37

tubby little kids around 12yo who carry too much weight and puts pressure on the epiphysis

Question 38

what is an osteosarcoma's common location

Answer 38

metaphysis of long bones

Question 39

what are rickets due to

Answer 39

Vitamin D deficiency through lack of sunlight exposure or nutritional deficiency

Question 40

what are the signs on an image indicating rickets

Answer 40

flaring, cupping, fraying and widening of metaphyseal

Question 41

what is osteomyelitis

Answer 41

infection, turns all tissues to much and pus

Question 42

where does osteomyelitis normally occur

Answer 42

ends/metaphysis of long bones

Question 43

why are greenstick fractures common in paeds

Answer 43

In childhood, the bone is more porous and the periosteum is thicker and more elastic.

Question 44

what is the difference between buckle and torus fractures

Answer 44

periosteum 'folding' under compression, resulting in 'torus' fractures, (folded all around) 'buckle' fractures, (folded on one side).

Question 45

what is a soft tissue sign of supracondylar fracture

Answer 45

effusion, fat pad signs

Question 46

what does pneumonia look like in an xray

Answer 46

round pneumonia as infection forms into a ball

Question 47

what is bronchiolitis

Answer 47

viral infection

Question 48

what are the radiological signs on an xray for bronchiolitis

Answer 48

hyper inflation and flat hemidiaphragm in the latearl view and anterior sternal bowing increased AP diameter

Question 49

how do you confirm bronchiolitis

Answer 49

count ribs, confirmed if there are more than 7 anterior rib ends above the hemidiaphragm dome

Question 50

why can you not exhale when there is a foreign body in the airways

Answer 50

can breathe in but cant breathe out as FB forms a plug

Question 51

how do you tell if there is a foreign body in the lungs based on the xray

Answer 51

lung on one side isnt deflating in expiration if there is FB in main bronchus

Question 52

what kind of rib fractures are associated with NAIs

Answer 52

healed rib fractures

Question 53

what is the mechanism of foreign bodies preventing respiration and why is expiration useful

Answer 53

An expiratory film is very useful to confirm air trapping from a ball valve effect. Air can get past the obstruction on inspiration, but the airway gets narrower on expiration and causes air trapping

Question 54

what are the 3 signs of the xray for bronchiolitis

Answer 54

Hyperinflated lungs Increased bronchial markings Atelectatic/collapsed lobes Air trapping - hyperinflation

Question 55

how is hyperinflation spotted on xrays for bronchiolitis

Answer 55

Hyperinflation is best recognized on the lateral projection with flat hemidiaphragms, anterior sternal bowing and increased AP chest diameter. On the frontal image, you can count anterior rib ends, > 7 above the dome of the hemidiaphragm is suggestive.

Question 56

how do you tell if the FB is stuck in the oesophagus or trachea

Answer 56

When a FB is stuck in the oesophagus the widest diameter of the FB is always in the AP view and the narrowest diameter is in the lateral view.