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301 MEDIMAGE > 5b. Pediatric - Pathologies > Flashcards

5b. Pediatric - Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

what is dextracardia

A

heart is on the opposite side

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2
Q

what is a sign of situs invertus

A

stomach bubble in right side

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3
Q

does situs invertus or dextrocardia have more complications

A

dextrocardia as greater vessels may have complications

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4
Q

what is polydactyly

A

more digits than necessary

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5
Q

what is syndactyly

A

less digit than necessary

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6
Q

what are the 2 ways that syndactyly can present

A

just skin joined or bones fused together

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7
Q

what is exostosis

A

osteochondroma

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8
Q

what is a genetic form of exostosis

A

hereditary multiple exostoses

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9
Q

what do exostosis present as

A

growing above joint pokes in skin a little bit so can get knocked and #

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10
Q

what demographic is DDH prevalent in

A

girls

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11
Q

what are 2 signs of DDH

A

uneven creases or clicky noise

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12
Q

what lines show that DDH is present

A

femoral head should be in the inner quadrant of the lines going horizontally between the pubic rami and vertically through the ischial spine

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13
Q

what is talipes

A

club feet

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14
Q

what causes talipes

A

developmental disorder in utero

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15
Q

what are the 2 main types of talipes equinovarus

A

structural and enviromental

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16
Q

does talipes affect males more than females

A

males

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17
Q

what is scoliosis

A

curvature of spine

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18
Q

how can scoliosis be dangerous

A

if its untreated and the curvature of the spine can compromise lung and heart function

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19
Q

what is legg calve perthes disease

A

avascular necrosis of the femoral head

blood supply through fovea is compromised and femoral head disintegrates due to lack of blood

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20
Q

what 3 factors is DDH more common in

A

girls
breech position births
first borns

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21
Q

why does the hip spontaneously dislocate in DDH

A

acetabular shape is too shallow

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22
Q

what parts of the feet and ankle are involved in talipes

A

ankles and subtalar joints

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23
Q

what are 3 types of # that are indicative of NAIs

A

skull, rib and bucket handle/corner fractures

24
Q

what is the mechanism for bucket handle and corner fractures

A

twisting mechanism

25
Q

how many types of salter harris classifications are there

A

1-5

26
Q

what is a type 1 salter harris classification

A

epiphyseal slip only

27
Q

what is a type 2 salter harris classification

A

fracture through epiphyseal plate with triangle of shaft attached

28
Q

what is a type 3 salter harris classification

A

fracture through the epiphysis extending into the epiphyseal plate

29
Q

what is a type 4 salter harris classification

A

fracture of epiphysis and shaft, crossing the epiphyseal plate

30
Q

what is a type 5 salter harris classification

A

damage to the epiphyseal plate - compressed/squashed

31
Q

what is plastic bowing

A

microfractures all along bone but as bone is elastic, it doesnt break

32
Q

what is a torus/buckle fracture

A

compression # where it falls and squashes

impaction injury

33
Q

what is a supracondylar fracture assessed by in terms of lines

A

anterior humeral line should pass between the 1/2 way mark of the capitulum and the 1/3

34
Q

what is the acronym for knowing the sequence of ossification center development

A

CRITOE

35
Q

what is the sequence of ossification center development

A 
capitellum
radial head
internal epicondyle
trochlea
olecranon
external epicondyle
36
Q

what is a SUFE

A

slipped upper femoral epiphysis

37
Q

what demographic of kids get SUFE

A

tubby little kids around 12yo who carry too much weight and puts pressure on the epiphysis

38
Q

what is an osteosarcoma’s common location

A

metaphysis of long bones

39
Q

what are rickets due to

A

Vitamin D deficiency through lack of sunlight exposure or nutritional deficiency

40
Q

what are the signs on an image indicating rickets

A

flaring, cupping, fraying and widening of metaphyseal

41
Q

what is osteomyelitis

A

infection, turns all tissues to much and pus

42
Q

where does osteomyelitis normally occur

A

ends/metaphysis of long bones

43
Q

why are greenstick fractures common in paeds

A

In childhood, the bone is more porous and the periosteum is thicker and more elastic.

44
Q

what is the difference between buckle and torus fractures

A

periosteum ‘folding’ under compression, resulting in ‘torus’ fractures, (folded all around)

‘buckle’ fractures, (folded on one side).

45
Q

what is a soft tissue sign of supracondylar fracture

A

effusion, fat pad signs

46
Q

what does pneumonia look like in an xray

A

round pneumonia as infection forms into a ball

47
Q

what is bronchiolitis

A

viral infection

48
Q

what are the radiological signs on an xray for bronchiolitis

A

hyper inflation and flat hemidiaphragm in the latearl view and anterior sternal bowing

increased AP diameter

49
Q

how do you confirm bronchiolitis

A

count ribs, confirmed if there are more than 7 anterior rib ends above the hemidiaphragm dome

50
Q

why can you not exhale when there is a foreign body in the airways

A

can breathe in but cant breathe out as FB forms a plug

51
Q

how do you tell if there is a foreign body in the lungs based on the xray

A

lung on one side isnt deflating in expiration if there is FB in main bronchus

52
Q

what kind of rib fractures are associated with NAIs

A

healed rib fractures

53
Q

what is the mechanism of foreign bodies preventing respiration and why is expiration useful

A

An expiratory film is very useful to confirm air trapping from a ball valve effect. Air can get past the obstruction on inspiration, but the airway gets narrower on expiration and causes air trapping

54
Q

what are the 3 signs of the xray for bronchiolitis

A

Hyperinflated lungs
Increased bronchial markings
Atelectatic/collapsed lobes
Air trapping - hyperinflation

55
Q

how is hyperinflation spotted on xrays for bronchiolitis

A

Hyperinflation is best recognized on the lateral projection with flat hemidiaphragms, anterior sternal bowing and increased AP chest diameter. On the frontal image, you can count anterior rib ends, > 7 above the dome of the hemidiaphragm is suggestive.

56
Q

how do you tell if the FB is stuck in the oesophagus or trachea

A

When a FB is stuck in the oesophagus the widest diameter of the FB is always in the AP view and the narrowest diameter is in the lateral view.

301 MEDIMAGE (18 decks)

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