1a. Skull HAL - Acland Videos

Question 1

what 2 components is the skull composed of

Answer 1

cranium and facial skeleton

Question 2

where does the occipital bone extend down to inferiorly

Answer 2

to the center of the inferior skull past the foramen magnum

Question 3

what foramen does the occipital bone contain

Answer 3

foramen magnum

Question 4

what is the occipital bone in front of the foramen magnum known as

what direction is the slope of this part and where is the slope

Answer 4

basilar part/base of occiput

slopes forwards deeply on the inside

Question 5

what bony feature is on the anterior half of the foramen magnum

what other structure do they form

Answer 5

2 occipital condyles

forms the atlanto-occipital joints

Question 6

what is the lump in the middle of the occipital bones posterior overhang

Answer 6

external occipital protuberance/inion

Question 7

what is the name of the temporal bone where it converges with the occipital bone on the inferior side

Answer 7

petrous part

Question 8

what is the name of the temporal bone where it is see laterally

Answer 8

squamous part

Question 9

what is the mastoid process used for

name an example of its function

Answer 9

origin of muscles that move the head

sternocleidomastoid muscle

Question 10

what is the zygomatic arch made up of in terms of the bones

Answer 10

termporal and zygomatic bones

Question 11

what is are the 2 components that make up the temporal mandibular joint

Answer 11

underside of zygomatic arch root articulating with mandible condyle

Question 12

what does the external auditory meatus lead to

Answer 12

middle ear

Question 13

what is the feature at the base of the styloid process and what is it used for

Answer 13

stylo-mastoid foramen for facial nerve passage

Question 14

what is the carotid canal used for

what structure is it medial to and what plane of the skull is it located on

Answer 14

passes forwards the internal carotid artery

medial to styloid process on inferior plane of skull

Question 15

what part of the temporal bone contains the inner and middle ear structures

Answer 15

petrous part of the temporal bone

Question 16

what is the groove behind the jugular foramen for

Answer 16

for the sigmoid sinus

Question 17

what is the main venous drainage channel for the brain in terms of sinuses

Answer 17

sigmoid sinus

Question 18

what is the hypoglossal canal below and medial to

Answer 18

jugular foramen

Question 19

what is above the jugular foramen and what does this structure do

Answer 19

internal auditory meatus

passage for vestibular, cochlear and internal facial nerves

Question 20

what is the hypoglossal canals realtionship in relation to the jugualr foramen

Answer 20

below and medial

Question 21

what structure does the carotid canal end at

Answer 21

the foramen lacerum

Question 22

what is the orbital cavity protected by

Answer 22

thick orbital margin

Question 23

opening for nose leads to what structures and what are the 2 components separated by

Answer 23

leads to left and right nasal cavities separated by the nasal septum

Question 24

the temporal fossa is enclosed by what 3 structures

Answer 24

ridge of temporal line
lateral orbital margin
zygomatic arch

Question 25

what are the lateral and medial pterygoid plates and what direction are they oriented

Answer 25

thin sheets of bone that descend downwards

Question 26

what 2 things does the hard palate form

Answer 26

roof of mouth and floor of nasal cavities

Question 27

what are the 2 bony landmarks/structures that form the 2 big steps in the floor of the cranium

Answer 27

sphenoid ridges petrous temporal bones

Question 28

what borders make up the anterior cranial fossa

Answer 28

between front of skull and sphenoid ridges

Question 29

what borders make up the middle cranial fossa

Answer 29

between sphenoid ridges and petrous temporal bones

Question 30

what borders make up the posterior cranial fossa

Answer 30

between petrous temporal bones and back of skull

Question 31

in the anterior cranial fossa, what do the bulges on either side of the cranium floor make up

Answer 31

roof of each orbit of the eye

Question 32

what fossa is the crista galli a part of

Answer 32

middle of the anterior fossa

Question 33

what is the crista galli

Answer 33

bony ridge of the ethmoid bone in the anterior cranial fossa

Question 34

what is the structures immediately either side of the crista galli called and what is a key feature of them what is the function of its key feature

Answer 34

cribriform plates perforated bone which allows filaments of the olfactory nerve to pass through

Question 35

what forms the roof of the nasal cavity

Answer 35

cribriform plates

Question 36

what is the flat area behind the cribriform plate

Answer 36

roof of sphenoid sinus

Question 37

what do the side wall and floor of the middle cranial fossa form (forms 2 structures)

Answer 37

wall of temporal fossa and part of orbit

Question 38

what aspect of the orbit does the side wall and floor of the middle cranial fossa form

Answer 38

posterior part of the lateral orbital wall

Question 39

what is the raised bump in the middle of the middle cranial fossa

Answer 39

sella turcica which is a deep depression for the pituitary gland

Question 40

what are the shallow grooves around the sella turcica for and what are the 4 projections associated with this area

Answer 40

shallow grooves for 2 optical nerves 2 anterior and 2 posterior clinoid processes

Question 41

what is the sloping area behind the posterior clinoid process and what is it continuous with

Answer 41

dorsum sellae continuous with the base of the occiput

Question 42

what does the lower part of the frontal bone form | 3 structures

Answer 42

roof of nose small part of temporal fossa large part of roof of orbit

Question 43

what does the frontal bone form in terms of the fossas

Answer 43

floor of the anterior cranial fossa

Question 44

what is a feature of the frontal bone near the midline and what is this called

Answer 44

frontal bone near midline is hollow as it is the frontal sinuses

Question 45

what 3 things does the zygomatic bone form/contribute to

Answer 45

cheek lower lateral orbital margin lateral orbital wall

Question 46

where does the zygomatic bone form the zygomatic arch and what other structure contributes to the arch

Answer 46

extends back to meet the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone to form the arch

Question 47

what parts is the maxilla bone made up of and what does it bear

Answer 47

right and left part bears top teeth

Question 48

what 3 structures does maxilla form/contribute to

Answer 48

lower and medial orbital margin | floor of orbits

Question 49

what is a feature of the maxilla bone and why is this

Answer 49

hollow as it contains the maxilla sinus

Question 50

what is the largest paranasal sinus

Answer 50

maxilla sinus

Question 51

what 2 structures does the sphenoid bone form/contribute to

Answer 51

floor of the cranium and parts of the orbit

Question 52

what are the 3 major projections of the sphenoid bone

Answer 52

lesser/greater wings | pterygoid process

Question 53

what is the central part of the sphenoid bone made up of (2 structures)

Answer 53

clinoid processes and pituitary fossa

Question 54

what is the highest part of the sphenoid

Answer 54

lesser wing

Question 55

what structure does the lesser wing form

Answer 55

sphenoid ridge

Question 56

what part of the sphenoid bone forms the back part of the orbit

Answer 56

underside of the lesser wing

Question 57

what 2 structures does the greater wing of the sphenoid bone form/contribute to

Answer 57

front wall | a bit of the floor of the middle cranial fossa

Question 58

where is the greater wing of the sphenoid joined to the lesser wing

Answer 58

superior/posterior aspect of the orbit

Question 59

what separates the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone medially

Answer 59

superior orbital fissure

Question 60

what does the superior orbital fissure form

Answer 60

opening between orbits and inside of cranium

Question 61

where does the pterygoid process project relative to the maxilla

Answer 61

downwards and behind maxilla

Question 62

what are the only 3 parts of the ethmoid bone that can be seem externally

Answer 62

2 cribriform plates and in medial wall of each orbit

Question 63

what do the lacrimal bones form

Answer 63

most medial part of inferior orbital margin

Question 64

what does the nasolacrimal duct do

Answer 64

take tears from corner of eye to nasal cavity

Question 65

what 2 structures does the palatine bone form on each sie

Answer 65

posterior parts of the hard palate part of the side wall of nasal cavity

Question 66

how many openings are there in the base of the cranium of these how many pass forwards and how many pass downwards and how many pass obliquely

Answer 66

3 pass forward 2 pass downwards one passes backwards obliquely 6 total

Question 67

what is the round opening infront of the anterior clinoid process

Answer 67

optic canal

Question 68

what does the optic canal transmit

Answer 68

optic nerve

Question 69

what is the superior orbital fissure what does it do

Answer 69

triangular passage in the orbit where nerves and blood vessels pass through to the orbit

Question 70

what foramen is below and behind medial end of superior orbital fissure

Answer 70

foramen rotundum

Question 71

what is the foramen rotundum for

Answer 71

maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

Question 72

where does the foramen rotundum emerge into

Answer 72

into terga maxillary fissure not orbit

Question 73

what is the relationship between the location of the optic canal and the clinoid processes

Answer 73

canal is just in front of anterior clinoid processes

Question 74

what is the relationship between the location of the foramen rotundum and the superior orbital fissure

Answer 74

f rot is below and behind medial end of fissure

Question 75

what are the 3 openings that pass forwards in the base of the cranium

Answer 75

optic canal foramen rotundum superior orbital fissure

Question 76

what are the 2 openings that pass downwards in the base of the cranium

Answer 76

foramen ovale and spinosum

Question 77

what is the foramen ovale for

Answer 77

mandibular branch for the trigeminal nerve

Question 78

where is the foramen ovale on the external skull

Answer 78

just behind the pteragoid plate

Question 79

where is the foramen spinosum located relative to the foramen ovale

Answer 79

behind and lateral to ovale

Question 80

what is the foramen spinosum for

Answer 80

middle meningeal artery

Question 81

externally on the skull what is the f spinosums position relation to the f ovale

Answer 81

same as internally, behind and lateral to ovale

Question 82

what is the opening that passes laterally in the base of the cranium

Answer 82

foramen lacerum

Question 83

what is the foramen lacerum for

Answer 83

internal carotid artery

Question 84

how does the internal carotid artery run in the f lacerum relative to the carotid canal

Answer 84

f. lacerum is a opening through which the internal carotid artery emerges from its obliquely running carotid canal

Question 85

where does the foramen lacerum emerge internally

Answer 85

tip of the petrous bone

Question 86

what is the relation between the postiion of the end of the carotid canal to the styloid process

Answer 86

medial to styloid process

Question 87

what is infront of the carotid canal

Answer 87

auditory tube

Question 88

the auditory tube passes in which directions to emerge in the middle ear

Answer 88

backwards and laterally

Question 89

the bony opening of the nose is called ___ ___ and tis leads to what structures separated by what

Answer 89

piriform aperture leading into left and right cavities separated by the nasal septum

Question 90

the roof the nasal cavities is formed by what and what is a feature of this

Answer 90

cribriform plates are very narrow

Question 91

at the top of the nasal cavity what are the superior and side borders and inferior borders ie what bones make up those borders

Answer 91

``` superiorly = floor of anterior fossa sides = medial walls of orbit and the hard plate inferiorly = hard plate ```

Question 92

what are the 3 bony projections on the nasal cavity wall called which wall of the nasal cavity are they located on

Answer 92

conchae/turbinate bones lateral wall

Question 93

what are the names of the 3 turbinate bones which of them is the smallest

Answer 93

inferior, middle and superior (smallest) conchae

Question 94

what parts make up the frontal sinus

Answer 94

left and right part

Question 95

where does the frontal sinus extend to in the upwards and backward direction

Answer 95

upwards behind lower part of forehead backwards between roof of orbit and floor of anterior cranial fossa

Question 96

what parts make up the maxillary sinus

Answer 96

left and right parts

Question 97

what parts make up the sphenoid sinus

Answer 97

left and right parts

Question 98

where does the maxillary sinus extend to in the downwards and backward direction

Answer 98

backwards to part of maxilla that borders pteygomaxillary fissure downwards to upper molar and premolar teeth

Question 99

what is the maxillary sinus's medial wall in the nasal cavity

Answer 99

lateral wall of nasal cavity

Question 100

the maxillary sinus's roof forms what part of the orbit

Answer 100

large part of floor of the orbits

Question 101

where is the sphenoid sinus located

Answer 101

central part of sphenoid bone

Question 102

above the sphenoid sinus floor is the ___ and ___, behidn it is the _____ and in front of it is the ____. Below it is the ____

Answer 102

above = floor of anterior cranial fossa & sella turcica behind = basilar part of occipital bone in front = high part of nasal cavity below = roof of nasopharynx

Question 103

where does the ethmoid bone extend from and along

Answer 103

from behind nasolacrimal duct to along medial wall of orbit

Question 104

the middle part of the ethmoid bone going down vertically forms a large part of what structure

Answer 104

nasal septum

Question 105

the tip of the middle vertical bone of the ethmoid bone is the beginning of what structure

Answer 105

beginning of the crista galli

Question 106

each side of the crista galli are what structures

Answer 106

cribriform plates

Question 107

the most lateral part of the ethmoid bone are what structures

Answer 107

lateral = lamina papyracea

Question 108

what does the lamina papyracea form

Answer 108

most medial part of the orbit

Question 109

which of the 3 conchae are part of the ethmoid bone

Answer 109

superior and middle

Question 110

between what structures are the ethmoid air cells

Answer 110

lamina papyracea and upper part of nasal cavity

Question 111

the ethmoid bone is joined to which bones above, below and behind

Answer 111

``` above = frontal below = maxilla behind = central part of sphenoid bone ```