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BPK 207 - Sensorimotor Control and Learning > 5b - Motor Systems & Action > Flashcards

5b - Motor Systems & Action Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglia?

A
  • receive major input from the cerebral cortex

- project back to cerebral cortex via thalamus

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2
Q

what are the 4 neural circuits that involve the basal ganglia?

A
  • motor loop
  • occulomotor loop
  • prefontal loop
  • limbic root
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3
Q

what is the motor loop related to?

A

movement

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4
Q

what is the occulomotor loop related to?

A

eye movements

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5
Q

what is the prefontal loop related to?

A

decision making

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6
Q

what is the limbic root related to?

A

emotions

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7
Q

what does the basal ganglia contribute to movement?

A
  • assist in motor learning
  • responding to rewards
  • involved in motor planning
  • assists in controlling muscle force, speed and size
  • determine which limb trajectory is most efficient
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8
Q

def: modulates the actions of the spinal motor circuits

A

the brainstem

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9
Q

what are the 2 pathways that the brainstem project to the spinal cord in?

A

medial and lateral

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10
Q

def: parts of the basic postural control system, controls the axial muscles and proximal limb muscles

A

medial brainstem pathway

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11
Q

what descending pathways does the medial brainstem pathway include?

A
  • vestibulospinal
  • reticulospinal
  • tectospinal
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12
Q

def: concerned with goal directed limb movements and predominantly control muscles of the limbs

A

lateral brainstem pathway

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13
Q

what descending pathway does the lateral brainstem pathway include?

A

rubrospinal tract

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14
Q

def: reticular formation, maintains posture and maintains muscle tone, mainly involved in extensor muscles

A

reticulospinal pathway

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15
Q

def: vestibular nuclei, controls posture and balance, affects orientation of head and body, involved in anti gravity muscles

A

vestibulospinal pathway

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16
Q

def: superior colliculus, coordinates head and eye movement

A

tectospinal pathway

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17
Q

def: red nucleus, excitatory influence on motoneurons innervating proximal upper limb flexors

A

rubrospinal pathway

18
Q

where is the region in the brain that initiates walking?

A
  • in the brain stem

- called the Mesencephalic locomotor region (MesLr)

19
Q

def: initiates walking, connects to the reticular formation, triggers the CPG

A

Mesencephalic Locomotor Region - MesLr

20
Q

def: integrates information that it receives from many locations around the body, sends this location to the motor planning areas and descending tracts

A

cerebellum

21
Q

the _______ receives the sensory feedback copy, called the efference copy, and compares it to the actual received feedback

A

cerebellum

22
Q

the _______ acts with the cerebral cortex to produce skilled movements by coordinating the activities of groups of muscles and also makes muscles smooth and activates muscles at the same times

A

cerebellum

23
Q

what are the 3 general zones of the cerebellum?

A
  1. vestibulocerebellum
  2. spinocerebellum
  3. cerebrocerebellum
24
Q

def: receives input from the vestibular nuclei regarding neck proprioception and visual input, projects back to vestibular nuclei, is located inside the cerebellum

A

vestibulocerebellum

25
Q

def: contains the vermis and intermediate cerebellar hemisphere, receives input related to spinocerebellar tracts, medial area

A

spinocerebellum

26
Q

def: contains lateral cerebellar hemispheres, receives input from cortical areas, projects back to cortical areas via the dentate nucleus

A

cerebrocerebellum

27
Q

what are the 2 hemispheres within the spinocerebellum

A

vermis and intermediate cerebellar hemisphere

28
Q

what does the vermis use to connect to the brainstems descending pathways and which pathways?

A
  • the fastigial nuclei

- connects to the descending medial tracts

29
Q

what is the name of the cerebrocerebellar hemisphere?

A

lateral hemishphere

30
Q

where does the lateral hemisphere project to and for what function?

A
  • projects to cortical areas for motor planning
31
Q

where does the vestibulocerebellum get its info from?

A

from visual receptors and neck proprioception

32
Q

where does the vestibulocerebellum project to and for what function?

A

via the vestibular nuclei and projects towards areas involved in head and body orientation

33
Q

def: problems with trajectory or placement of body parts during movement

A

dysmetria

34
Q

def: abnormalities with rapid alternating movements, deficits in the rate of alternation or completeness of the motor sequence

A

dysdiadochokinesis

35
Q

def: coordination problem, will walk with a wide base of support and deviate from the path

A

gait ataxia

36
Q

what structure has these functions:

  • involved in planning and online control of movement
  • integrates sensory information that comes from different sensory modalities
  • areas of space can be described through others sensory systems rather than just eyes
  • plays a role in working spatial memory and identifying oneself in space
A

posterior parietal cortex (PPC)

37
Q

what are the 5 suborganizations of the PPC?

A
  1. parietal eye field
  2. parietal arm field
  3. parietal grasp field
  4. parietal face field
  5. parietal foot region
38
Q

what is the supplementary motor area involved in?

A
  • movement sequences from memory
  • important to bimanual movements
  • has a role in learning
39
Q

what is the premotor cortex involved in?

A
  • involved in the selection of movement from external cues
  • involved in planning, reaching, and grasping movements
  • role in decision making
40
Q

def: connects to alpha motor neurons to activate muscles, assist in adapting movements based on conditions, relates to muscle force, determines direction of movement

A

primary motor cortex (M1)

41
Q

how can we determine the direction of movement if neurons activate during all directions of motion?

A

we sum up the motion vector that is associated

BPK 207 - Sensorimotor Control and Learning (7 decks)

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