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BPK 207 - Sensorimotor Control and Learning > 3b - Sensory Contribution > Flashcards

3b - Sensory Contribution Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the vestibular system?

A

detecting head motion and orientation

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2
Q

what are the components of the vestibular system?

A

otolith and semilunar canals

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3
Q

how does the vestibular system detect changes and turn them into signals?

A
  • ## hair cells are deflected and depending on whether they deflect towards or away from the kinocilium, that dictates if more or less action potentials are fired
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4
Q

what happens when deflection of hair cells is towards the kinocilium?

A

ion gates are opened more and that leads to more rapid action potentials

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5
Q

what happens if deflection is away from the kinocilium?

A

ion gates` are closed and that leads to less frequent action potentials

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6
Q

what is the function of otoliths?

A

they sense linear head accerleration

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7
Q

what are the 2 components otoliths?

A

saccule and utricle

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8
Q

what type of motion does each component of the otolith detect?

A

saccule detects vertical acceleration

utricle detects horizontal acceleration

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9
Q

otolithic membranes contain _________ ________. hair cells grow up into this membrane and are displaced by the ________ _______ during motion. this triggers the mechanism that leads to action potentials

A

otoconia stones (both blanks)

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10
Q

what are the 3 locations of semicircular canals?

A

posterior, superior, horizontal

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11
Q

what do semicircular canals detect?

A
  • turning and tilting of the head

- angular acceleration

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12
Q

semicircular canals are filled with a thick fluid called ________, when the body moves, the ______ lags behind it because of its inertia. this causes the hairs within the _______ to be displaced in the opposite direction to which the person moved

A

endolymph, endolymph, cupula

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13
Q

def: electrodes are placed over the mastoid bones behind the ears

A

galvanic vestibular stimulation

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14
Q

how does galvanic vestibular stimulation work?

A
  • they activate the vestibular afferents
  • this leads to the illusion of tilts and motion
  • this makes the body tilt in the opposite direction as the illusion to keep it stable
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15
Q

what are some parts of the eye? (5)

A
  • pupil
  • cornea
  • retina
  • fovea
  • lens
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16
Q

what is the function of the retina?

A
  • contains photoreceptors which transduce light into electrical signals
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17
Q

what is the part of the retina that allows the vision of fine details?

A

fovea

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18
Q

why does the fovea allow for the vision of fine details?

A

it contains only cones, no rods

19
Q

the back of the retina has _____, which absorbs the light the is not captured by the retina

A

melanin

20
Q

what is the significance of the melanin behind the retina?

A

it stops light from reflecting back and distorting the image

21
Q

def: small, 5 degree, area that the eyes are focused on, predominantly contains cones, deals with fine details

A

central vision

22
Q

T or F: peripheral vision contains mostly cones

A

false, it contains mostly rods

23
Q

what are the 2 segments of the retina called?

A
  1. nasal hemiretina

2. temporal hemiretina

24
Q

what visual field does the nasal hemiretina detect?

A

sees the lateral parts of the image

25
Q

what visual field does the temporal hemiretina detect

A

the inner parts of the image

26
Q

the nasal hemiretina crosses the ______ ______ and it propagates its impulse to the _________ brain hemisphere

A

optic chiasm, contralteral

27
Q

how many layers does the primary visual cortex have?

A

6

28
Q

def: light from specific location on the visual field hits the retina in specific parts. each specific part of the retina is mapped to a specific location in the visual cortex

A

retinotopic representation

29
Q

_________ ganglion and lateral _____ nucleus neutrons have tiny receptive fields, like pixels

A

retinal ganglion and lateral geniculate nucleus neurons

30
Q

_______ __ neurons are similar to retinal ganglion and LGN neurons

A

layer 4c

31
Q

def: cells in V1 that have elongated receptive fields, they sense the lines and edges of a particular orientation, they respond to bars of light and bars of dark on edges

A

simples cells

32
Q

def: cells with large receptive fields, sense lines and edges anywhere with any orientation, can also respond to moving bars of light

A

complex cells

33
Q

def: graph the level of activation of a neuron against the orientation of the stimuli

A

neuronal tuning curves

34
Q

what is the path of impulse from the eye to the primary visual cortex?

A
  1. retinal ganglion neuron
  2. lateral geniculate neuron
  3. layer 4c
  4. simple V1
  5. complex V1
35
Q

def: helps determine the distance from an eye by calculating the disparity between the image obtained by each eye

A

binocular retinal disparity

36
Q

def: area of the brain that receives visual data related to motion. this region is more active with higher speeded motion. it projects to the medial superior temporal region

A

middle temporal regions (v5)

37
Q

def: receives data from multiple locations and separates them into 2 streams; self motion and object motion

A

medial superior temporal

38
Q

def: the light patterns and the changes in light patterns that go over a persons retina that allows them to perceive motion

A

optic flow for movement

39
Q

what kind of information can optic flow be used for?

A
  • the change in movement patterns of light rays from the environment over a person retina allows for individuals to perceive motion
  • abrupt chnages in pattern correspond to boundaries and features in the environment
40
Q

def: calculates object image size and rate of its radial expansion on the retina to calculate its velocity

A

time to contact calculations

41
Q

def: feedback from muscle spindles in eyes as the eyes rotate to track an object

A

oculomotor vergence feedback

42
Q

what type of data does the ventral stream convey?

A
  • tells you about the world in terms of objects and distances from each other, talks about details of an object
  • fine analysis of the visual scene and object recognition
  • uses object centered frame of reference
43
Q

what type of data does the dorsal stream convey?

A
  • tells the brain about where an item is in respect to ones self, also provides data on how to interact with the world
  • guides movements and spatial characteristic of the environment
  • frame of reference is based on ones own body
  • tells you how to interact with things

BPK 207 - Sensorimotor Control and Learning (7 decks)

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