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BPK 207 - Sensorimotor Control and Learning > 3a - Sensory Contribution > Flashcards

3a - Sensory Contribution Flashcards

1
Q

def: cell body

A

soma

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2
Q

def: branch like receptors that come off the soma

A

dendrite

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3
Q

def: long body of neuron that propagates electrical signals

A

axon

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4
Q

an axon is surrounded by _______ _______ which speeds up transmission and reduces current leakage

A

myelin sheath

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5
Q

def: end of axon that houses neurotransmitters

A

pre-synaptic terminal

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6
Q

def: receptors on dendrites of the neuron receiving neurotransmitters

A

post-synaptic terminal

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7
Q

def: cause generation of electrochemical signals when received by post synaptic neuron

A

neurotransmitters

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8
Q

what are the 4 components that help neurons transmit information?

A
  1. local input or receptive component
  2. trigger component
  3. long range conducting
  4. output component
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9
Q

def: sensory receptor or a dendrite that gets stimulated

A

local input or receptive component

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10
Q

def: for a sensory neuron = first node of Ranvier, for a motor or interneuron = axon hillock

A

trigger component

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11
Q

def: the axon that conducts electrical signals

A

long range conducting

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12
Q

def: pre synaptic terminal which releases neurotransmitters

A

output component

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13
Q

how is resting potential established?

A
  1. ion pump in membrane removes K+ ions faster than Na+ is pumped in
  2. electrical attraction between the negative inside of the cell and the positive potassium ions
  3. rate of outflow of potassium slows and the rate of sodium inflow increases
  4. leads to a stabilized membrane potential
  5. resting potential of -70 mV is established
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14
Q

what are the 3 types of potentials?

A
  1. receptor potential
  2. synaptic potential
  3. action potential
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15
Q

how does receptor potential work?

A
  • sensory receptors detect forms of energy
  • leads to disturbance in the resting potential due to influx on ions caused by sensory receptors activation
  • drives membrane potential to a new level called the receptor potential
    LOCALIZED SIGNAL
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16
Q

how does synaptic potential work?

A
  • neurotransmitter release from the pre-synaptic terminal of the previous neuron induces electrochemical current which alters the membrane potential of the post-synaptic neuron
    LOCALIZED SIGNAL
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17
Q

if potentials from synaptic or receptor potentials reach the critical threshold of _____ then an action potential is created and propagated

A

-55 mV

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18
Q

T or F: an action potential signal fades over distance

A

false

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19
Q

what are the 3 phases of an action potential?

A

depolarization: influx of Na+ ions
repolarization: slow down in intake of Na+ and increase the outflow of K+
hyperpolarization: membrane potential goes more negative than resting levels

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20
Q

______ frequency means more simulation and stronger stimulation at receptor

A

higher

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21
Q

what are some types of sensory receptors? (4)

A
  1. cutaneous receptors
  2. thermal receptors
  3. nociceptors
  4. muscle mechanoreceptors
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22
Q

what are the 2 ways that intensity is coded?

A
  1. frequency coding

2. population coding

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23
Q

def: frequency of action

A

frequency coding

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24
Q

def: # of sensory receptors activated

A

population coding

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25
Q

def: minimum intensity of a stimulus which will be felt in 50% of trials

A

sensory threshold

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26
Q

what is how long you perceive a stimulus based on?

A

the intensity of the stimulus and the duration that it acts on you for

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27
Q

what are the 2 classes of adapting receptors?

A
  1. rapid adapting

2. slow adapting

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28
Q

def: fire rapidly while stimuli is changing then will return to their resting fire rate during the plateau

A

rapid adapting

29
Q

def: fire rapidly when stimuli is changed and will continue to fire but at a decreasing rate during the plateau

A

slow adapting

30
Q

sensory neurons have a ________ _____, a region that they are responsible for feeling

A

receptive field

31
Q

higher spatial resolution areas are areas where the neurons have ______ receptive fields but there are ___ neurons covering the area

A

smaller, more

32
Q

what concept allows the brain to distinguish locations around the body?

A

Labelled Lines

33
Q

def: the sensation of knowing the velocity and position of the body

A

proprioception

34
Q

what are the 3 main sources of proprioception?

A
  1. muscle spindles
  2. golgi tendon organs (GTO’s)
  3. joint receptors
35
Q

where are muscle spindles located?

A

in the belly of the muscle

36
Q

during voluntary contractions, muscle spindle fibers contract the same amount as the _____ _____ to ensure the spindle can sense changes all the way through the motion

A

extrafusal fibers

37
Q

what are the 3 components of muscle spindles?

A
  1. intrafusal muscle fiber (dynamic bag 1, static bag 2, and chain fibers)
  2. sensory motor neuron endings (1a afferents, 2 afferents)
  3. gamma motor neuron ending
38
Q

def: activates contraction of intrafusal muscle fibers to keep the spindle tight

A

gamma motor neuron ending

39
Q

what do muscle spindles do?

A

they detect signal muscle length, changes in length

40
Q

what kind of sensory neuron ending is described:

  • show dynamic response to muscle length change
  • have a resting fire rate, change in fire rate shows change in length
A

group 1a afferents

41
Q

what kind of sensory neuron ending is described:

  • show static length
  • if longer = fire faster
A

group 2 afferents

42
Q

what is feedback from muscle spindles used to do?

A
  • regulate muscle activity

- give info to higher levels of control

43
Q

1a afferents can trigger _____ _____ neurons

A

alpha motor

44
Q

what process increases stability in joints when something unexpected happens?

A

Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex

45
Q

def: spindle senses unexpected stretching of a muscle and short circuits a path to the alpha motor neuron to cause it to contract and increase stability in joints

A

Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex

46
Q

where are GTO’s located?

A

ends of a muscle fiber and link the fiber to the tendon

47
Q

how is info from GTO’s relayed?

A

through 1b afferents

48
Q

what do GTO’s sense?

A

force and tension info

49
Q

how do GTO’s fire?

A

by squeezing the axons of the group 1b afferents during contraction

50
Q

where are joint receptors located?

A

in connective tissue and ligaments of joints

51
Q

what do joint receptors sense?

A

angle, pressure, twisting force, velocity

52
Q

T or F: joint receptors are not very important for large limb movement, but are vital in proprioception of fingers

A

true

53
Q

what are 4 ways to study proprioception?

A
  1. surgical deafferation
  2. temporary deafferation
  3. sensory neuropathy patients
  4. muscle vibration
54
Q

def: surgically cutting neural pathways, causes less precision in previously learnt movements

A

surgical deafferation

55
Q

def: blood pressure cuff inflated around a part of a limb until person can’t feel anything below, portion of limb falls asleep

A

temporary deafferation

56
Q

def: diabetes causes this, peripheral pathways are not working properly, efferent pathways are intact but afferent are dysfunctional to an extent, patients cannot know the position or motion of their limbs without seeing them

A

sensory neuropathy patients

57
Q

def: vibrator at highspeed applied to muscle, gives the illusion of muscle stretch, leads to affected muscle contraction

A

muscle vibration

58
Q

what are the 4 types of cutaneous receptors?

A
  1. meissner corpuscle (RA1)
  2. merkel cells (SA1)
  3. pacinian corpuscle (RA2)
  4. ruffini endings (SA2)
59
Q

what kind of touch do meissner corpuscles respond to?

A

stroking and vibration

60
Q

what kind of touch do merkel cells respond to?

A

pressure

61
Q

what kind of touch do pacinian corpuscles respond to?

A

vibration

62
Q

what kind of touch do ruffini endings respond to?

A

skin stretch

63
Q

T or F: cutaneous receptors deeper in the skin have smaller receptive fields and are more precise

A

false

64
Q

in terms of sensory info propagation, is this 1st order, 2nd order, or 3rd order:

  • cell bodies within the dorsal root ganglia break into 2 axons
  • 1 central axon and 1 peripheral axon
  • central axon is extended to spinal cord
  • peripheral axon is extended to sensory receptors
A

1st order

65
Q

in terms of sensory info propagation, is this 1st order, 2nd order, or 3rd order:
- receptors involved in touch have their impulse travel to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus then to the primary somatosensory cortex

A

3rd

66
Q

in terms of sensory info propagation, is this 1st order, 2nd order, or 3rd order:
- the impulse ascends up the spinal cord and into the brain stem

A

2nd

67
Q

def: transmits touch, vibration, and conscious proprioceptive info to the somatosensory cortex

A

dorsal column

68
Q

def: transmits unconscious proprioceptive info to the cerebellum and has a ventral and dorsal tract, muscle spindle and GTO input

A

spinocerebellar tract

69
Q

T or F: the size of brain region for an area of the body is determined by the number of receptors in that region

A

true

BPK 207 - Sensorimotor Control and Learning (7 decks)

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