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BPK 207 - Sensorimotor Control and Learning > 3a - Sensory Contribution > Flashcards

3a - Sensory Contribution Flashcards

1
Q

def: cell body

A

soma

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2
Q

def: branch like receptors that come off the soma

A

dendrite

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3
Q

def: long body of neuron that propagates electrical signals

A

axon

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4
Q

an axon is surrounded by _______ _______ which speeds up transmission and reduces current leakage

A

myelin sheath

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5
Q

def: end of axon that houses neurotransmitters

A

pre-synaptic terminal

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6
Q

def: receptors on dendrites of the neuron receiving neurotransmitters

A

post-synaptic terminal

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7
Q

def: cause generation of electrochemical signals when received by post synaptic neuron

A

neurotransmitters

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8
Q

what are the 4 components that help neurons transmit information?

A
  1. local input or receptive component
  2. trigger component
  3. long range conducting
  4. output component
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9
Q

def: sensory receptor or a dendrite that gets stimulated

A

local input or receptive component

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10
Q

def: for a sensory neuron = first node of Ranvier, for a motor or interneuron = axon hillock

A

trigger component

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11
Q

def: the axon that conducts electrical signals

A

long range conducting

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12
Q

def: pre synaptic terminal which releases neurotransmitters

A

output component

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13
Q

how is resting potential established?

A
  1. ion pump in membrane removes K+ ions faster than Na+ is pumped in
  2. electrical attraction between the negative inside of the cell and the positive potassium ions
  3. rate of outflow of potassium slows and the rate of sodium inflow increases
  4. leads to a stabilized membrane potential
  5. resting potential of -70 mV is established
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14
Q

what are the 3 types of potentials?

A
  1. receptor potential
  2. synaptic potential
  3. action potential
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15
Q

how does receptor potential work?

A
  • sensory receptors detect forms of energy
  • leads to disturbance in the resting potential due to influx on ions caused by sensory receptors activation
  • drives membrane potential to a new level called the receptor potential
    LOCALIZED SIGNAL
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16
Q

how does synaptic potential work?

A
  • neurotransmitter release from the pre-synaptic terminal of the previous neuron induces electrochemical current which alters the membrane potential of the post-synaptic neuron
    LOCALIZED SIGNAL
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17
Q

if potentials from synaptic or receptor potentials reach the critical threshold of _____ then an action potential is created and propagated

A

-55 mV

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18
Q

T or F: an action potential signal fades over distance

A

false

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19
Q

what are the 3 phases of an action potential?

A

depolarization: influx of Na+ ions
repolarization: slow down in intake of Na+ and increase the outflow of K+
hyperpolarization: membrane potential goes more negative than resting levels

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20
Q

______ frequency means more simulation and stronger stimulation at receptor

A

higher

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21
Q

what are some types of sensory receptors? (4)

A
  1. cutaneous receptors
  2. thermal receptors
  3. nociceptors
  4. muscle mechanoreceptors
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22
Q

what are the 2 ways that intensity is coded?

A
  1. frequency coding

2. population coding

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23
Q

def: frequency of action

A

frequency coding

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24
Q

def: # of sensory receptors activated

A

population coding

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25
def: minimum intensity of a stimulus which will be felt in 50% of trials
sensory threshold
26
what is how long you perceive a stimulus based on?
the intensity of the stimulus and the duration that it acts on you for
27
what are the 2 classes of adapting receptors?
1. rapid adapting | 2. slow adapting
28
def: fire rapidly while stimuli is changing then will return to their resting fire rate during the plateau
rapid adapting
29
def: fire rapidly when stimuli is changed and will continue to fire but at a decreasing rate during the plateau
slow adapting
30
sensory neurons have a ________ _____, a region that they are responsible for feeling
receptive field
31
higher spatial resolution areas are areas where the neurons have ______ receptive fields but there are ___ neurons covering the area
smaller, more
32
what concept allows the brain to distinguish locations around the body?
Labelled Lines
33
def: the sensation of knowing the velocity and position of the body
proprioception
34
what are the 3 main sources of proprioception?
1. muscle spindles 2. golgi tendon organs (GTO's) 3. joint receptors
35
where are muscle spindles located?
in the belly of the muscle
36
during voluntary contractions, muscle spindle fibers contract the same amount as the _____ _____ to ensure the spindle can sense changes all the way through the motion
extrafusal fibers
37
what are the 3 components of muscle spindles?
1. intrafusal muscle fiber (dynamic bag 1, static bag 2, and chain fibers) 2. sensory motor neuron endings (1a afferents, 2 afferents) 3. gamma motor neuron ending
38
def: activates contraction of intrafusal muscle fibers to keep the spindle tight
gamma motor neuron ending
39
what do muscle spindles do?
they detect signal muscle length, changes in length
40
what kind of sensory neuron ending is described: - show dynamic response to muscle length change - have a resting fire rate, change in fire rate shows change in length
group 1a afferents
41
what kind of sensory neuron ending is described: - show static length - if longer = fire faster
group 2 afferents
42
what is feedback from muscle spindles used to do?
- regulate muscle activity | - give info to higher levels of control
43
1a afferents can trigger _____ _____ neurons
alpha motor
44
what process increases stability in joints when something unexpected happens?
Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex
45
def: spindle senses unexpected stretching of a muscle and short circuits a path to the alpha motor neuron to cause it to contract and increase stability in joints
Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex
46
where are GTO's located?
ends of a muscle fiber and link the fiber to the tendon
47
how is info from GTO's relayed?
through 1b afferents
48
what do GTO's sense?
force and tension info
49
how do GTO's fire?
by squeezing the axons of the group 1b afferents during contraction
50
where are joint receptors located?
in connective tissue and ligaments of joints
51
what do joint receptors sense?
angle, pressure, twisting force, velocity
52
T or F: joint receptors are not very important for large limb movement, but are vital in proprioception of fingers
true
53
what are 4 ways to study proprioception?
1. surgical deafferation 2. temporary deafferation 3. sensory neuropathy patients 4. muscle vibration
54
def: surgically cutting neural pathways, causes less precision in previously learnt movements
surgical deafferation
55
def: blood pressure cuff inflated around a part of a limb until person can't feel anything below, portion of limb falls asleep
temporary deafferation
56
def: diabetes causes this, peripheral pathways are not working properly, efferent pathways are intact but afferent are dysfunctional to an extent, patients cannot know the position or motion of their limbs without seeing them
sensory neuropathy patients
57
def: vibrator at highspeed applied to muscle, gives the illusion of muscle stretch, leads to affected muscle contraction
muscle vibration
58
what are the 4 types of cutaneous receptors?
1. meissner corpuscle (RA1) 2. merkel cells (SA1) 3. pacinian corpuscle (RA2) 4. ruffini endings (SA2)
59
what kind of touch do meissner corpuscles respond to?
stroking and vibration
60
what kind of touch do merkel cells respond to?
pressure
61
what kind of touch do pacinian corpuscles respond to?
vibration
62
what kind of touch do ruffini endings respond to?
skin stretch
63
T or F: cutaneous receptors deeper in the skin have smaller receptive fields and are more precise
false
64
in terms of sensory info propagation, is this 1st order, 2nd order, or 3rd order: - cell bodies within the dorsal root ganglia break into 2 axons - 1 central axon and 1 peripheral axon - central axon is extended to spinal cord - peripheral axon is extended to sensory receptors
1st order
65
in terms of sensory info propagation, is this 1st order, 2nd order, or 3rd order: - receptors involved in touch have their impulse travel to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus then to the primary somatosensory cortex
3rd
66
in terms of sensory info propagation, is this 1st order, 2nd order, or 3rd order: - the impulse ascends up the spinal cord and into the brain stem
2nd
67
def: transmits touch, vibration, and conscious proprioceptive info to the somatosensory cortex
dorsal column
68
def: transmits unconscious proprioceptive info to the cerebellum and has a ventral and dorsal tract, muscle spindle and GTO input
spinocerebellar tract
69
T or F: the size of brain region for an area of the body is determined by the number of receptors in that region
true

BPK 207 - Sensorimotor Control and Learning (7 decks)

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