2 - Methods to Study Motor Behaviour Flashcards
def: provides the amount and direction of deviation from the target, used for discrete skills
constant error
def: measures the inconsistency or variability in the movement outcome. It is basically the standard deviation of CE, used for discrete skills
variable error
def: measure of overall error, gives indication of the amount of spread of the movement across the duration of the trial/performance, used for continuous skills
root-mean square error
def: quantifies the magnitude of a signal or set of fata
root-mean square
def: time between the onset of a stimulus and onset of a response
reaction time
def: only one response choice available
simple RT tasks
def: multiple response choices are available and/or multiple stimuli may be presented
choice RT tasks
def: interval between the initiation of the response to the completion of the movement
movement time
def: the sum of reaction time and movement time
response time
def: time for central processing
premotor RT
def: used to measure kinetic data
force plates
def: used to quantify kinematic data
motion capture cameras
def: used to record electrical activity from muscles
electromyography (EMG)
def: head mounted mobile systems used to monitor eye movements
eye tracking
def: used to study nervous system activity and function
neuroimaging, neurostimulation
def: used to assess standing balance, usually uses a force plate
posturagraphy
def: involves a mechanized platform with an embedded force plate and a visual surround
computerized dynamic posturagraphy
what are the two categories of performance measure?
- outcome measure which relates to motor skills
2. production measure which relates to movement components
what are the 3 most common ways to assess movement?
- movement error
- movement magnitude
- movement time/speed
def: visual surround moves forward and backward in direct proportion to the person’s sway
surround sway-referenced
def: support surface person stands on rotates in direct proportion to the person’s sway
support sway-referenced
def: position markers are on anatomical locations of a person, there is a system of cameras set up that record the positions of the markers to accurately recreate a 3-D stick man recreating the movement of the person
Vicon camera
def: electrode is slipped into muscles or onto skin and record impulses
electromyography
def: records eye movements, can be used to track eye movements when asked particular questions about a scene
head mounted eye tracking
def: electrode is put into axon within a nerve and records electrical impulses that travel through it
microneurography
def: microelectrode will record everything within a small range itself, cell sorting the ability to distinguish between impulses of different neurons based on the strength of the recorded impulse
cell sorting
def: measures the magnetic disturbance induced between oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood
functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI)
def: measures the magnetic field created by brain activity
magnetoencephalography
def: array of electrodes placed over scalp that record electrical activity of brain
electroencephalography (EEG)
what is an example of non-invasive methods of neurostimulation?
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
def: by creating a changing magnetic field in the device, an electric current is induced within the brain. By changing where the device is, you can activate different muscles around the body
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
what can TMS be used for? (5)
- map connectivity of cortex
- map motor excitability of cortex
- can cause virtual lesions
- assess plasticity and recovery
- rehabilitation of motor function
what are the 3 types of transcranial electrical stimulation?
- direct current stimulation
- alternating current stimulation
- random noise stimulation
none of the transcranial electrical stimulation methods cause triggers explicitly, only increase the _________ __ _______
likelihood of impulses
