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BPK 207 - Sensorimotor Control and Learning > 5a - Motor System & Action > Flashcards

5a - Motor System & Action Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 main major division of the CNS?

A
  • spinal cord
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
  • diencephalon
  • cerebral cortex
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2
Q

the cerebrum consists of which 2 components?

A
  • cerebral cortex

- subcortical structures

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3
Q

def: a continuous layer of wrinkled grey matter that covers the cerebrum and is responsible for higher functions of the CNS

A

cerebral coretex

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4
Q

def: the ridge of a wrinkle in the brain

A

gyrus

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5
Q

def: the groove between the gyrus

A

sulcus

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6
Q

what are the 3 subcortical structures?

A
  1. hippocampus
  2. amygdala
  3. parts of the basal ganglia
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7
Q

the hippocampus is in charge of…?

A

memory and navigation

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8
Q

the amygdala is in charge of…..?

A

emotions and memory

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9
Q

the diencephalon consists of which 3 structures?

A
  1. thalamus
  2. sub-thalamus
  3. hypothalamus
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10
Q

def: a collection of nuclei that relay and integrate information between the cerebral cortex and the peripheral senses, spinal cord, and brainstem. all the sensory info passes through here before reaching the cortex, interacts with the basal ganglia to modify movement

A

thalamus

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11
Q

def: includes the subthalamic nuclei, is part of the basal ganglia

A

sub-thalamus

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12
Q

the brain stem consists of which 3 components?

A
  1. hindbrain
  2. midbrain
  3. reticular formation
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13
Q

what are the 2 components of the hindbrain?

A
  • pons

- medulla

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14
Q

what are the 2 components of the midbrain?

A
  • tectum

- tegmentum

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15
Q

def: the main connections to the cerebellum

A

pons

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16
Q

def: regulates body functions to allow life

A

medulla

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17
Q

def: has a superior colliculi for eye movement control and an inferior colliculi related to the auditory system

A

tectum

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18
Q

def: has a red nucleus that forms the descending tract known as the rubrospinal tract and a substania nigra which is part of the basal ganglia

A

tegmentum

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19
Q

what is the spinal cord orginization?

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
  5. coccygeal
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20
Q

how many nerves are in each section of the spinal cord?

A
  • cervical = 8
  • thoracic = 12
  • lumbar = 5
  • sacral = 5
  • coccygeal = 1
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21
Q

what is the role of the cervical nerves?

A

control upper limb muscles

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22
Q

what is the role of thoracic nerves?

A

control the muscles of the trunk and chest

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23
Q

what is the role of lumbar nerves?

A

controls lower limb and lower back muscles

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24
Q

what do cervical and lumbar enlargements do?

A

these regions contain the neural circuits responsible for controlling the arms and legs

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25
Q

def: made up of cell bodies of neurons

A

grey matter

26
Q

def: made up of unmyelinated or myelinated axons of the neurons

A

white matter

27
Q

where are the sensory and motor components within the grey matter?

A

the sensory component is on the dorsal side

the motor component is on the ventral side

28
Q

what are the 4 types of neurons within the spinal cord

A
  1. local interneurons
  2. propriospinal neurons
  3. projection neurons
  4. motor neurons
29
Q

def: axons are confined to the same or adjacent spinal segment

A

local interneurons

30
Q

def: neurons whose axons reach distant spinal segments

A

propriospinal neurons

31
Q

def: neurons whose axons ascend to higher brain centers

A

projection neurons

32
Q

def: neurons whose axon exits the nervous system to innervate mucles

A

motor neurons

33
Q

______ _____ neurons (alpha motor neurons) execute movement and have a specific organization within the spinal cord

A

spinal motor neurons

34
Q

cell bodies of the alpha motor neuron are clustered in motor neuron _____ or motor nuclei

A

pools

35
Q

where within the spinal cord do the neurons that innervate distant muscles reside?

A

the distant muscles are connected to neurons on the lateral sides of the spinal cord, the same goes for close muscles

36
Q

what path does somatosensory information take from the peripheral nervous system to connect to the spinal cord

A

via the dorsal root

37
Q

what path does motor output take to go from the CNS to the PNS?

A

ventral roots

38
Q

the motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates are called?

A

a motor unit

39
Q

where are muscle fibers innervated ?

A

at their mid point

40
Q

T or F: the fibers of 1 motor units can vary in twitch speed

A

false, they are all the same speed

41
Q

def: muscle fibers that can exert strong and fast movements but fatigue quickly due to their mitochondria concentration

A

fast twitch

42
Q

def: muscle fibers that can work for longer periods of time without fatigue

A

slow twitch

43
Q

if there are fewer muscle fibers within the unit, there is _____ _____ _____ control in that limb

A

fine detail control

44
Q

what dictates the power of a movement?

A

the number of motor units recruited

45
Q

explain the nerve muscle synapse:

A
  1. impulse propagates down axon of alpha motor neuron
  2. the end of the axon spreads out into multiple synaptic boutons
  3. synaptic boutons release Ach into junctional fold on the muscle endplate
  4. the Ach binds to the receptor channel
  5. channel opens allowing increased inflow of Na+
  6. positive feedback loop that leads to an action potential
46
Q

what are 3 ways the CNS can increase muscle force?

A
  1. recruit different sized motor units
  2. recruit more units
  3. increase frequency of action potentials in alpha motor neuron
47
Q

more fibers recruited in a larger motor unit = ?

A

more tension

48
Q

what kind of relationship is there between motor units and muscle fiber tension?

A

summative relationship

49
Q

smaller motor units have _____ threshold for activation

A

lower

50
Q

sustained muscle contraction is when : ? (2)

A
  • maximum muscle tension occurs

- action potential frequency is very high

51
Q

what are the 5 types of neural circuits?

A
  1. divergence
  2. convergence
  3. serial processing
  4. parallel processing
  5. reverbation
52
Q

def: a mechanism for spreading stimulation to multiple neurone, sensory afferent neutron spreading info to different regions of spinal cord and brain

A

divergence

53
Q

def: providing input from multiple sources to 1 neutron, descending tracts converging onto alpha motor neuron

A

convergence

54
Q

def: circuit from 1 neutron to 1, stretch reflex

A

serial processing

55
Q

def: a mechanism in which neurons or pools process the same information simultaneously

A

parallel processing

56
Q

def: positive feedback loop

A

reverberation

57
Q

what is the difference between disynaptic and monosynaptic?

A
  • 1 synapse vs 2
  • disynaptic = one of the neurons that is connected in the pathways inhibits activation then connects to an alpha motor neuron
58
Q

def: muscle spindle feels unexpected stretch, the 1a afferent is connected to the alpha motor neurone of the units and it activates leading to the muscles connecting and thus increasing joint stability

A

monosynaptic stretch relfex

59
Q

def: causes a limb to pull away from a painful stimuli

A

withdrawal reflex

60
Q

what are the steps of the withdrawal reflex?

A
  1. nociceptor gets activated and then diverges its signal into 3 paths

BPK 207 - Sensorimotor Control and Learning (7 decks)

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