5.5 plant abd animal response Flashcards
where are tannins found
properties
toxic to microorganisms and small herbivores
Taste bad to large herbivores upper epidermis in leaves
alkaloids
taste bitter to herbivores
Located in growing tips flowers
peripheral layers of cells in the roots and shoots
What are pheromones
They attract predators to eat herbivores
What’s a trophic response
A directional growth response determined by the direction of the stimulus
positive geotropism
Growth towards the pole of gravity
negative geotropism
Growth away from the pull of gravity
positive phototropism
Growth towards the light source
Negative phototropic
Grow away from the light source
positive chemotropism
Growth towards chemical signals
negative chemotropism
Growing away from chemicals
Positive thigmotropism
Growth towards contact
negative thigmotropism
Growth away from contact
what’s a nastic response
A non-directional response in response to a stimulus
opp of tropism
 how do plants produce responses 
hormones are molecules that are released by tissues and move by the xylem or pholem or by diffusion/active transport to neighbouring cells
. They act as messengers carrying a signal from the tissue to a specific target cell tissue or organ .
The molecule binds to specific receptor on the external side of the cell surface membrane.
Binding into this receptor brings about changes inside the cell

why don’t all plants sell tissues respond to all the plant hormones
Hormones are specific so they have to bind into the complimentary receptor
How do cells elongate
hormone binds to the receptor on the cell surface membrane
H plus is pumped into the cell wall
This decreases pH as hydrogen bonds in the cellulose are broken
Cell will becomes less rigid
water moves into cells by osmosis
Cells expand
effect of cytokinines
promote cell division
Delay leaf senescence
Overcome spatial dominance
Promote cell expansion
effect of abscisic acid
Inhibit seed germination and growth
Causes stomal closure when plant is stressed by low water availability
Effect of auxin
promote cell elongation
Inhibit growth of sides shoots
Inhibit leaf abcission - stops leaves from falling
Affect of gibberellins
promote see germination and growth of standskg
How do plants lose their leaves in autumn?
lower day length causes low auxin
Increases sensitivity to
What are the divisions of the nervous system
autonomic nervous system
 part of the nervous system responsible for controlling involuntary motor activities of the body
normally ynmyelinated
Somatic nervous system
The motor neurons are under conscious control
normally myelinated
Differences between parasympathetic and sympathetic system
sympathetic – flight or flight
Parasympathetic – rest and digest system
hypothalamus
Controls body temperature
Main controlling region for autonomic
Controls complex patterns of behaviour
Rich blood supply monitors blood plasma
Cerebrum
vision hearing learning thinking – complex behaviours
Somatic nervous system = voluntary conscious function
Pituitary gland
Controls hormone release by body glands
controlled by hypothalamus
medulla oblongata
Controls heart rate and breathing rate
Regulatory centre for autonomic nervous system
Cerebellum
Balance and posture
what are reflex actions
Sensory neuron
Relay neuron
motor Neuron

Blinking reflex
stimulus – touch, bright light, loud sounds
Sensory nerve endings in the cornea stimulated by touch
action potential e sent to sensory neuron to relay neuron to a motor neuron
Neurons send it to an effector - muscles in the face causing eyelids to close 
knee jerk reflex
helps to maintain posture and balance

Stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle detect the muscle is being stretched
Nerve impulse is passed along a sensory neuron which communicates directly with a motor in the spinal cord
neurone carries action central to effector
causing muscle to contract so leg moves forward quickly
types of muscle
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
Smooth muscle
involuntary muscle
non striated
uninucrlate
slow
controlled by autonomic nervous system
Cardiac muscle
striated
branched cells
myogenic - contracts without nervous stimulation
uninucleatrd
contracts in a squeezing motion coz of cross bridges - intermediate speed
skeletal/striated/voluntary
controlled consciously - moves limbs
striated
cylindrical
rapid contraction
multi nucleated
