5.3 International Migration Flashcards
1
Q
Pattern of refugee flow from Ukraine
A
- majority of migrants have moved relatively short distances to neigh borough in countries - Poland + Russia have the highest level of Ukrainian migrants
- This is evidence of Zipf’s law through a distance-decay pattern
2
Q
Cause of migration from Ukraine
A
Russian + Ukraine conflict
3
Q
Distance of Ukraine migration
A
mainly to west European countries
4
Q
Duration of Ukraine migration
A
- originally intended to be temporary
- now there is uncertainty of when the war will end
- people have become accustomed to living in their destination country
5
Q
Volume of Ukraine migration
A
- displacement of 8.2 million
- UK received 205,600
- Poland 1.6 mil
- Germany 940k
6
Q
Structure of Ukraine migration
A
- 90% of refugees are women + children
- there is a ban on physically fit 18-60 year old men leaving
7
Q
Is there a counter stream for the Ukraine migration?
A
- refugees have been making short term visits back to Ukraine - visit family, collect important documents + check their properties
- difficulties of finding a job + suitable housing in host country, cancellation of financial support = more Ukrainians returning
8
Q
Economic impacts on source area (Ukraine)
A
- loss of educated + skilled adults (brain drain) = decrease in productivity of labour force
- decreased revenue from income tax
- refugees spending savings in host countries, benefiting their economies + less benefits for Ukrainian businesses
- over time, Ukrainians gain more employment abroad = able to send back remittances = $16.3B sent back to Ukraine
9
Q
Social impacts on source area (Ukraine)
A
- large proportion of women refugees (gender imbalance) + deaths of adult males in conflict = will lead to lower BR + slower pop. growth in future
- potential shortage in key social service provision in future due to loss of many young skilled workers
10
Q
Overall socioeconomic impact on Ukraine
A
- significant economic + social impact in the long term due to majority having negative consequences
- reduced skilled workers, general spending + future reduction in economic growth
- although lots of remittances are being sent, this is unlikely to completely cushion the blow
11
Q
Economic impacts of migration on destination (destination)
A
- increased costs for receiving countries to provide refugees with basic services + housing, food, healthcare, education etc.
- OECD suggest Poland has spent €8.36B on supporting Ukrainian refugees - mainly through accommodation + food costs
- 2022 large pop. were children = strain on education services with more funding needed for support
- low proportion of economically active male migrants so less economic contribution from labour + income tax from migrants
12
Q
Social impacts of migration (destination)
A
- refugees may suffere from psychological distress from traumatic experiences due to conflict = make integration into new community challenging, especially for children - more funding for support needed
- increase number of migration streams in Europe = creates tension amongst local communities in receiving countries (2022 121 attacks on Ukrainian refugee centres in Germany)
13
Q
Overall socioeconomic impacts on destination
A
- there has been significant costs to provide for Ukrainian migrants - but it has not all been negative
- there is a possibility that the receiving countries will receive benefits if they become permanent + contribute to workforce
- especially in countries such as Germany + UK with an ageing population, relieving the pension burden
14
Q
UK support for Ukrainian refugees
A
- hosting 205,800 Ukrainian refugees
- home for Ukraine Scheme - applicants will be able to live, work + study in UK for up to three years + have access to housing benefits, pension credit, disability allowance, job seekers allowance etc.
- evidence of chain migration - many move to join family member in UK, especially those on the Ukraine Family Scheme
- 1800 refugees settled across Devon with host families through the Homes for Ukraine Scheme
- Devon has welcomed 530 children + provided over 700 hours of bilingual support for these children in the classroom or online
15
Q
Volume of refugee flow from Syria
A
- Lebanon is hosting more than 1.1 million Syrian refugees
