5.2 Internal Migration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the scales of migration ?

A
  • micro-level = focus on individual migration
  • meso-level = on a household or community level
  • macro-level = larger scale migration trends
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2
Q

Where is rural-rural migration prominent?

A

common in LICs + MICs due to employment, family reunion + marriage

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3
Q

What does urban-urban migration consist of?

A
  • partly stepped migration up the urban hierarchy as migrants improve their knowledge base + financial position
  • employment + education also caused urban-urban migration
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4
Q

What are the main types of internal migration?

A
  • stepped migration
  • rural-rural migration
  • urban-urban migration
  • rural-urban migration (urbanisation)
  • urban-rural migration (counterurbanisation)
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5
Q

How was macro-level migration seen through the colonial era?

A
  • migration was encouraged to supply labour for new colonial enterprises + infrastructural projects e.g. ports + transport links between raw material exploitation + ports
  • ## demand for labour in mines, plantations etc was satisfied by restricting native access to land + coercing people into migration to work directly through forced labour or indirectly through tax
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6
Q

What does meso-level migration consist of?

A
  • looks in more detail at the factors in the origin + destination
  • there are a variety of both push/pull factors in both areas that will be interpreted differently + influence decisions to migrate
  • e.g. even when governments focus resources on rural development, the volume of out-migration may not be reduced
  • Lee backs this
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7
Q

What fuels micro-level migration

A
  • a survey of rural migrants in Mumbai found that more than 75% already had one or more relatives living in the city - for whom 90% had received some form of assistance upon arrival
  • the importance of established links between urban + rural areas results in high levels of chain migration
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8
Q

Economic impacts on destination area? (rural-urban)

A
  • larger workforce - especially in the economically active bracket - contributing too economy + increased productivity
  • people moving into cities for education (e.g. uni) bringing a well-educated population to work high payed jobs - ‘brain gain’
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9
Q

Social impacts on destination area (rural-urban)

A
  • rapid urbanisation = overpopulation = putting pressure on services such as healthcare + housing
  • influx of migrants may cause local people to be unhappy with their area changing to cater for migrants = may lead to political problems
  • quality of life may deteriorate as the area doesn’t have enough resources to cope = squatter settlements may arise due to many migrants not being able to afford to live within the city
  • population structure altered = many young people aged 20-35 move to urban areas
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10
Q

Environmental impacts on destination? (Rural-urban)

A
  • larger population = more waste + higher consumption levels
  • leading to environmental degradation e.g. air pollution due to more vehicles being on the road causing congestion
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11
Q

Economic impacts on source (rural-urban)

A
  • working age population leave = many jobs being left infilled + less money contributed to economy = businesses close, services under pressure due to lack of workers
  • unemployment high due to under population + lack of investment leading to less jobs
  • ‘brain drain’ = skilled + educated workers leave to find better economic opportunity
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12
Q

Social impacts on source (rural-urban)

A
  • relaxed pressure on services, potentially leading to better healthcare, lowered house prices + less crime etc.
  • underpopulation can cause dereliction e.g. abandoned businesses, empty houses
  • increased dependency ratio as economically active people aged around 30 are more likely to migrate = more pressure on services for elderly
  • altered population structure = men are more likely to migrate, leaving women behind e.g. Poland
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13
Q

Process of stepped migration?

A
  • initial move from a rural area to a small urban area - migrants may develop skill + increase their knowledge/confidence in urban areas
  • also become aware of better employment opportunities in large urban areas + develop personal contacts that can aid them
  • those working in the formal sector may move up the urban hierarchy through promotions within a company or a transfer in a public sector job
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14
Q

Urban-urban migration example

A
  • movement from towns + cities in economic periphery areas to urban areas in economic core
  • e.g. Brazilian = last 50 years there’s been significant movement from the poor northeast (Fortaleza, Natal) to cities in the southeast (Sao Paula, Rio de Janeiro)
  • greater employment opportunities + higher average wages are the main reasons
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15
Q

Causes of intra-urban movements

A
  • movements of population within cities are closely related to stages in life cycle - with available housing stock being a major determinant of where people live at different stages in their life cycle
  • young adults choose housing close to the CBD - higher percentage of rented + small unit accommodation along with employment + social attractions
  • families are more likely to reside at a greater distance from CBD in the suburbs + outer suburbs
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16
Q

Relation between income + intra-urban movement?

A
  • those on low incomes have a restricted choice of where to live
  • as income rises, the range of choice in terms of housing type + location increases
17
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A

The process of population decentralisation as people move from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements or rural areas

18
Q

When did counter-urbanisation begin?

A

1960s - ‘explosion’ in 1970s

19
Q

What developments have made counter-urbanisation possible?

A
  • transportation developments = railways, car ownership
  • telecommunications = internet
20
Q

Why do people move out of large urban areas (counterurbanisation)?

A
  • desire for better life style
  • better housing
  • young families want a better environment to bring up children
21
Q

Example of counterurbanisation?

A

Cambridge/london —> St Ives