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Migration > 5.1 Component Of Population Change > Flashcards

5.1 Component Of Population Change Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of migration process

A
  • migration starts at an origin + is complete at an area of destination
  • migration that shares a common origin + destination form a migration stream
  • for every migration stream, there is a reverse counter stream
  • migrants in between origin + destination are known as en-route
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2
Q

Example of migration stream

A
  • between 1948 + 1970 nearly half a million people left the West Indies to live in Britain
  • some were seeking better opportunities for themselves + children
  • some came to work for a while, save money + then return home (counter stream)
  • some were recruited because Britain was short of workers to run the transport system, postal services + hospitals
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3
Q

Example of chain migration

A
  • West Indian migrants came from specific islands + then migrated to specific areas of London following earlier arrivals who had established themselves in these districts
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4
Q

Example of relay migration

A
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5
Q

Example of stepped migration

A
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6
Q

Push factors of voluntary migration

A
  • few services
  • lack of job opportunities
  • unhappy life
  • poor transport links
  • natural disasters
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7
Q

Pull factors of voluntary migration

A
  • access to services.
  • better job opportunities
  • more entertainment facilities
    -better transport links
  • improved living conditions
  • family links
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8
Q

Example of voluntary migration

A
  • when Botswana became an independent country in 1966 it was one of the poorest in the old (GDP of $300) - the standard of living was low
  • many men migrated to neighbouring South Africa to work in gold mines - 40,000 Botswanan men worked in South African fold mines between 1970 and 1980
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9
Q

Different types of forced migrant

A
  • refugees - a person who can’t return home because of fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political, fleeing from war, disasters, famine
  • internally displaced persons - a person who is forced to leave their home region because of unfavourable conditions (political, social, environmental etc.), but does not cross any boundaries
  • asylum seekers - people who claim to be refugees - usually have to undergo legal procedures which the host country decide whether they qualify their refugee status
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10
Q

Examples of forced migration

A
  • Libya 2011 - uprising began when may people tried to overthrow the leader Colonel Gaddafi after 41 years in power
  • he was determined to hold onto to power so civil war erupted - many had to leave to escape war
  • as of January 2024, approx. 85% of Palestinians in Gaza were internally displaced during the 2023 hamas-Israel war
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11
Q

Examples of seasonal migration

A
  • ski season - 18 to 25 Brits work in European ski resorts in winter
  • farm workers - vegetable/strawberry pickers from Eastern Europe in the UK
  • 2.5 million Mongolians are nomadic pastoralists (they move their livestock to find pasture) - rainfall is unreliable so movement is frequent
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12
Q

Britain to Australia

A
  • 1919 - present
  • British emigration to Australia after WWI
  • ‘ten pound poms’ - helped the economy + were attracted by £10 fare
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13
Q

European Jews to USA

A
  • 1940 - present
  • around 125,000 Germans (Jew immigrants) moved to the USA between 1933 and 1945
  • to escape persecution under Hitler’s control/ nazis
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14
Q

Turkey to Germany

A
  • 1963 - present
  • 1963 Germany created Guest Worker programme
  • needed labour from elsewhere in Europe to support the reconstruction of Germany after WWII
  • 1963-2010, 40,000 Turks settled in west Germany
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15
Q

Mexico to USA

A
  • large scale
  • Mexico to USA migration for job opportunities, to escape crime, better quality of life etc.
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16
Q

Economic reasons for migration

A
  • employment opportunities/ relocation of job
  • wage rates involved - people move to improve their financial position
  • feel pushed out by lack of employment opportunities or low wages
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17
Q

Social reasons for migration

A
  • Marriage - large movement of women when they marry e.g. India
  • joining the family
  • racism, cultural isolation, religious beliefs
  • better quality of life + social welfare support
  • better education opportunities - secondary + higher education
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18
Q

Political reasons for migration

A
  • states legislate against political beliefs, ethnic groups or religious beliefs e.g. Stalinist push for industrialisation forced millions of Russians from rural areas to urban areas
  • persecution
  • war + conflict
  • intervening obstacles e.g. obtaining visas or world wars sowed the fox of European migrants to America
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19
Q

Physical reasons for migration

A
  • sudden natural disaster
  • climate
  • drought + famine
  • lack of resources
20
Q

Economic impacts of migration on origin (positive)

A
  • area benefits from remittances sent home
  • upon return, migrants bring new skills to the country such as the ability to speak foreign languages - these new skills can help the origins economy
  • less pressure on resources such as food + social services e.g. healthcare
21
Q

Economic impacts of migration on origin (negative)

A
  • loss of young workforce; those with skills + entrepreneurial talents move, slowing economic development
  • loss of labour may reduce inward investment by private companies, increasing dependency on govt. initiatives
22
Q

Social impacts of migration on origin ( positives)

A
  • population density is reduced + BR fall as its the younger population that migrates - this can help ease overpopulation
  • remittances sent home by economic migrants can be used to finance improved education + healthcare
  • returning migrants increase social expectations for communities e.g. increasing demand for better leisure facilities
23
Q

Social impacts on origin (negatives)

A
  • marriage rates fall + family structures break down as men migrate producing a generation of single mums
  • loss of young people migrating up can increase dependency ratio
  • returning retired migrants may increase social costs on the community as support mechanism aren’t in place for them
  • migration of men + young families can cause a loss of cultural leadership + traditions
24
Q

Political impacts on origin

A
  • policies to encourage natural increase can be developed
  • policies to encourage immigration to counteract outflow
  • request for international aid
25
Q

Economic impacts on host (positive)

A
  • migrants take up less desirable, menial jobs which natives would not take but need filling
  • the host country can gain skilled labour for cheap
  • there is a labour surplus; those with skills + education fuel the economy
  • the “skill” can be filled with migrants
  • costs of retirement can be transferred to country of origin
26
Q

Economic impacts on host (negative)

A
  • migrants children must be educated, they wont necessary speak the native language of the host
  • over dependency in some industries on migrant labour, leading to a lack of jobs for people native to the country
  • much of the money earned m migrants isn’t spent in host country - sent back too origin instead
  • increased pressure on resources + services e.g. healthcare
27
Q

Social impacts on host (positive)

A
  • creation of a multiethnic society increases understanding + tolerance of other cultures
  • influx of new or revitalised services e.g. kebab shops + Turkish baths
  • people from other countries can encourage the learning of new languages, helping people develop skills for working internationally
28
Q

Social impacts on host (negative)

A
  • dominance of males is reinforced (due to large number of male migrants), especially in cultures where women already have a low status
  • aspects of cultural identity are lost, especially in second generation children
  • segregated ethnic areas are created e.g. china town
29
Q

Political impacts on host

A
  • discrimination against ethnic groups + minorities which can lead to civil unrest + extremism
  • calls for control on immigration
  • entrenchment of attitudes which may encourage fundamentalism
30
Q

What was Ravenstein’s theory (1880s)?

A
  • most migrants travel short distances, proceeding step by step with the majority of movement involving stops along the way - as distance increases, migration decreases (distance decay)
  • each stream of migration produces a counter stream of people moving the other way
  • most migration is from agricultural areas to areas of commerce as urban dwellers are less likely to migrate than people in rural areas
  • females are more likely to migrate internally, but movement of males is more common in international migration
  • large towns owe more to migration that natural increase
  • the volume of migration increases as transport improves + with the development of commerce + industry
31
Q

What was the Gravity model?

A
  • stated that the push-pull model is too simplistic -> push + pull factors operate within origin + destination
  • the place offering greater opportunities (pull) = destination
  • the place with limited opportunities (push) = origin
  • greater the difference in opportunities = greater migration
  • the availability of opportunities between place of origin + destination intercepts the flow of migration -> many migrants therefore stop at intervening cities + sometimes do not proceed to the larger city
32
Q

What is Zipf’s inverse distance law?

A
  • in space, distance is the largest barrier -> people migrate greater to smaller distances
  • the principle of distance decay states that the interaction of people between places is inversely proportional to distance between places
  • the magnitude of migration decreases with increasing distance
33
Q

What is the Todaro model?

A
  • previous models infer that rural-urban migrants have been attracted by the bright lights of the cities without understanding the present urban deprivation at the bottom of the socio-economic scale
  • todaro challenged this - migrants are realistic + influenced by an accurate flow of information from earlier migrants from their rural community
  • potential migrants carefully weighed up the costs + benefits of moving to urban area, anticipating income differential
  • they are aware they wont be better off in the short term but might improve in the long term
34
Q

What is Stark’s ‘new economic of migration’

A
  • stark replaced the individual with the household as the unit of analysis
  • todaro model suggested that migrants act individually according to the rationality of economic self interest
  • however, migration should be seen as a form of economic diversification by families as costs + benefits are shared
  • the cost of establishing the rural migrant in the urban area is carried out by the family who pays, with the return being remittances
35
Q

What is the Marxist/structural theory?

A
  • Marxist theory views labour migration inevitable in transition to capitalism
  • structuralist theory draws attention to the advantage of migrant labour for capitalist production + emphasises the control capitalism has over migrant labour
  • e.g. employers use migrant labour to reduce bargaining power of local labour
  • internationally migration is seen as a global movement which labour is manipulated in the interest of HICs to the detriment of LICs
36
Q

What is the difference between constraint and barrier?

A
  • constraint can limit or restrict a person’s ability to move e.g. distance or cost
  • barrier is a factor that could block or prevent movement - a physical barrier or a rule, law or policy
37
Q

How do constraints + barrier affect internal migration?

A
  • in most countries there are no legal restrictions on internal migration
  • therefore the main constraints are distance + cost
38
Q

How do constraints + barrier affect international migration?

A
  • immigration laws present a major barrier in international migration where borders have to be crossed
39
Q

What are the main barriers in terms of migration laws?

A
  • prior WWI, movement was unrestricted - USA would take anyone as long as they weren’t a prostitute, lunatic or convict
  • post WWII, there was a shortage of workers - there were control but rarely applied - 1940s + 50s West Indian migration to UK + immigration of Turkish guest workers to Germany
  • from 1800 Australia has grown its population by immigration - over time migration laws have become more restrictive, currently laws involve a skill-based policy, s they only allow workers for a certain professions or trades that would benefit the economy
40
Q

What dangers may be associated with the journey?

A
  • physical factors: flood, drought, landslide + crossing water
  • human factors: hostility from others, chances of accidents on the way - e.g. people fleeing Zimbabwe for South Africa have encountered bandits on both sides of of the border
41
Q

Examples of constraints

A
  • closing up costs - ‘closing up’ affairs in origin - e.g. selling your home incurs estate agent fees + you must pay to have your good transported
  • transport costs - depend on mode of transport used + time taken for journey
  • opening up costs - fees on buying a new property in the destination - other legal costs may be involved
42
Q

Examples of barriers

A
  • distance + landscape - landscape barriers such as seas + deserts that must be crossed
  • human danger - e.g. bandits robbing Zimbabwean migrants crossing the border to South Africa
  • govt. immigration laws - most countries require visas to enter + remain in the country + these are often not granted
  • skills required for visas - skill test might be required e.g. in Canada, + only certain trades + professions will be allowed in
43
Q

What might make migration easier?

A
  • family + friends at destination
  • being able to speak the language
  • relocation packages/ new job
  • knowledge of destination
  • availability of transport/infrastrcutre
  • education/skill level/qualifications
44
Q

Why does mobility increase as development increase?

A
  • improved transport/ infrastrcutre
  • high incomes - can afford to move + transport costs become relatively smaller
  • greater number + range of jobs available
  • more remote areas opened up by resource development
  • better communication so greater knowledge of other areas
  • more even distribution of schools/hospitals - less need to locate near them
45
Q

How do borders + controls act as a barrier?

A
  • government immigration laws are often the biggest barrier
  • most countries require visas to enter + remain in country - often not granted (only granted to skilled workers)
  • Mexican immigrants face challenges at US borders due to strict immigration laws
  • a skill test is required in Canada
46
Q

How does sale of house act as a constraint

A
  • cost of “closing up” affairs
  • selling your house involves estate agent fees + you have to pay to have your goods transported
  • constraint for people who relocate for work

Migration (6 decks)

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