526-534

Question 1

Spectator

Answer 1

Joseph Addison and Richard Steele’s periodical, begun in 1711.

Question 2

The Female Spectator

Answer 2

Periodical edited by Eliza Haywood, featured articles by women.

Question 3

collèges

Answer 3

elitist, privately endowed secondary schools in France and Spain. Perpetuated the class hierarchy of Europe.

Question 4

realschule

Answer 4

Opened in Berlin in 1747, these schools (which were broader than colleges) taught modern languages, geography, and bookkeeping for boys.

Question 5

Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

Answer 5

Wrote an essay, On Crimes and Punishment, in 1764. He argued punishments should sever only as deterrents, not as exercises in brutality.

Question 6

University of Leiden

Answer 6

Replaced Padua as foremost medical school. Taught new methods and emphasized clinical experience.

Question 7

Volkschulen

Answer 7

Habsburg Austrian state supported primary school. Attended by 1 in 4 children.

Question 8

Pope Clement XIV

Answer 8

Complied with Spanish and French 1773 insistence that the Jesuits be dissolved.

Question 9

Toleration Patent of 1781

Answer 9

Joseph II of Austria. Recognized Catholicism as a state religion, but made non-catholics equal to others.

Question 10

pogroms

Answer 10

Outbursts of public wrath in which Jewish communities were looted and massacred.

Question 11

Ashkenazic Jews

Answer 11

the largest Jewish community, located in eastern Europe.

Question 12

Sephardic Jews

Answer 12

Major Jewish ground, expelled from Spain in the 1500s. Relatively free to participate in banking.