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Green > 5.2.2: Respiration > Flashcards

5.2.2: Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Give 3 reasons why anaerobic respiration yields fewer ATP molecules than the theoretical maximum

A
  • some ATP used to actively transport pyruvate into the mitochondrion
  • some energy released in ETC
  • not all the H+ movement back across membrane is used to generate ATP
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2
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration produce less ATP than aerobic ?

A

1 glycolysis / conversion of glucose into pyruvate occurs
2 produces 2 molecules of ATP (net) ;
3 only substrate level phosphorylation occurs
4 oxygen not available as final electron acceptor
5 pyruvate used to regenerate NAD for glycolysis to continue
6 Krebs cycle,electron transport chain chemiosmosis and oxidative phosphorylation do not occur

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3
Q

Do respiration rates need to be high or low for the storage of fruit ?

A

Low so respiration rate is low but not too low that fruit cells are damaged

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4
Q

Why do parasites respire anaerobically ?

A

Because they have little access to oxygen
and its inaccessible because there is only little amounts dissolved in blood plasma as it is combined with haemoglobin

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5
Q

Why can the fermentation pathway of anaerobic respiration in mammals be reversed?

A
  • Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
  • Can be reversed as no other products formed
  • Lactate dehydrogenase available to reverse reaction
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6
Q

Why can’t the fermentation pathway of anaerobic respiration in yeast not be reversed ?

A
  • Pyruvate is converted to CO2 and ethanol
  • Cannot be reversed as CO2 is lost
  • Decarboxylase enzyme cannot reverse reaction
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7
Q

Outline the process of glycolysis

A
  • Phosphorylation of glucose
  • Forms hexose bisphosphate
  • Splits intpo 2 triose bisphosphate
  • Formation of reduced NAD
  • Pyruvate produced from triose bisphosphate intermediate
  • Net production of 2 ATP
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8
Q

Where in liver cells can reduced NAD be re oxidised ?

A

Cristae

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9
Q

State the location of the electron transport chain

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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10
Q

What can be assumed if more respiration is happening ?

A

Co enzymes are being produced in glycolysis and more oxidative phosphorylation is occuring

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11
Q

What are the consequences of a lower temperature in respiration ?

A

Not enough kinetic energy for ESC formation

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12
Q

Name the hydrogen receptor in the yeast cell fermentation pathway

A

Ethanal

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13
Q

Why is the anaerobic fermentation pathway important for plants ?

A
  • Releases NAD so glycolysis can continue
  • Some ATP available for cellular processes such as active transport
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14
Q

Why is there an increased rate of respiration at higher temperatures ?

A

Increased kinetic energy of decarboxylases (respiratory enzymes)

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15
Q

Why is water important in respiration ?

A
  • Reactions require aqueas medium
  • Enzymes and substrates can move to collide
  • Needed for protein synthesis
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16
Q

Give the products of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • Water
  • ATP
  • Oxidised NAD
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17
Q

Give 3 roles of coenzymes within respiration

A
  • Reduced NAD carries electrons to ETC
  • Coenzyme A carries acetyl group to krebs cycle
  • NAD accepts hydrogens to become reduced
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18
Q

Explain roles of ATP within the cell

A
  • Transfers energy as an energy currency
  • Phosphates can be removed by hydrolysis to release energy for metabolism such as active transport
  • ADP can attach a phosphate during respiration
  • Energy released in small suitable quantities to prevent cell damage
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19
Q

What features make a good respiratory substrate ?

A
  • Has OH groups to hydrogen bond with water
  • Bonds can be broken down by respiratory enzymes
  • Soluble to move within cells
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20
Q

Give some needs for cellular respiration

A
  • Produce ATP for ..
  • Movement: muscle contraction and movement of flagella
  • Active transport
  • Endocytis/ exocytis
  • Cell division: mitosis/mitosis
  • Synthesis of biological molecules e.g. form peptide bonds in protein synthesis
  • DNA replication
  • Maintenance of body temperature: thermoregulation
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21
Q

What are the products from glycolysis ?

A

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP

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22
Q

What is the gross production of ATP in glycolysis ?

A

4

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23
Q

What is the maximum yield of ATP from one glucose ?

A

38 for one glucose

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24
Q

How do pyruvate and NADH move to the next stage after glycolysis ?

A

Actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix

25
Q

How is ATP generated in both the krebs cycle and glycolysis ?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

26
Q

Why does phosphorylation occur initially in glycolysis ?

A

To make glucose less stable so it will split into hexose bisphosphate

27
Q

What are the intermediates in glycolysis controlled by ?

A

Enzymes which are affected by pH and temperature

28
Q

Where does glycolysis occur ?

A

The cytoplasm

29
Q

Where does the link reaction occur ?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

30
Q

What is the loss of CO2 called in the link reaction called and what enzyme is it controlled by ?

A

Decarboxylation by pyruvate dehydrogenase

31
Q

Give 3 examples of coenzymes

A
  • FAD
  • NAD
  • Coenzyme A
32
Q

What are features of coenzymes ?

A

No active site and are non-protein

33
Q

What are the products of the link reaction for every glucose ?

A
  • 2 acetyl coA
  • 2 CO2
  • 2 NADH
34
Q

What are the products per glucose molecule from the krebs cycle ?

A
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH
  • 2 ATP
  • 4 CO2
35
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur ?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

36
Q

In which stage is the most ATP made ?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

37
Q

Give the steps of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • Dehydrogenation of NADH by oxidation
  • H+ dissociates into 2 protons and 2 electrons
  • Electrons picked up by proteins embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane and passed down electron transport chain which is 4 proteins long
  • Electron carriers are reduced and oxidised and absorb some energy to actively transport protons into intermembrane space
  • Electrochemical gradient created
  • H+ move down electrochemical gradient
  • Chemiosmotic flow of H+ causes APT synthase to rotate so ADP + Pi –> ATP
  • O2 collects electrons at end of ETC and some protons from matrix to form water
38
Q

Where and why does anaerobic respiration occur ?

A

Cytoplasm when there is a lack or insufficient supply of oxygen

39
Q

Why can’t final steps of glycolysis occur during anaerobic respiration in mammalian muscle tissue ?

A

Protein electron carriers are saturated with H+ as there are no O2 molecules to remove it

40
Q

What is a feature of the mammalian muscle tissue fermentation pathway ?

A

Reversible as lactic acid can be turned back to pyruvate in the liver

41
Q

What does lactic acid do to cells ?

A

Decreases pH which can denature enzymes and damage cells

42
Q

What is the fermentation pathway in mammalian muscle tissue catalysed by ?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

43
Q

What is the fermentation pathway in yeast catalysed by ?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

44
Q

What is a feature of the yeast fermentation pathway ?

A

Irreversible

45
Q

Define obligate anaerobe

A

Bacteria that only respire anaerobically and cannot survive in presence of O2 (prokaryotes)

46
Q

Define facultative anaerobe

A

Choose to respire anaerobically but can respire aerobically (humans)

47
Q

Define obligate aerobe

A

Only respire aerobically

48
Q

Define respiratory substrate

A

Other substances other than glucose used in respiration

49
Q

How are carbohydrates respiratory substrates ?

A
  • Polysaccharides and disaccharides are hydrolysed to glucose which is used in glycolysis
  • Monosaccharide hexose sugars become glucose with isomerase enzymes and glucose is used in glycolysis
50
Q

How are lipids respiratory substrates ?

A
  • Triglycerides are hydrolysed to fatty acids and glycerol
  • Glycerol can become triose phosphate which can be used to make pyruvate in glycolysis
  • Fatty acids can become acetylCoA through the beta oxidation pathway (combining with Coenzyme A in presence of oxygen) which can be used in krebs cycle
51
Q

Why do you get more ATP synthesis from lipids ?

A

Many acetyl groups form meaning more cycles of krebs cycle

52
Q

How are proteins respiratory substrates ?

A

Proteins are hydrolysed into amino acids which become keto acids which can be used to make pyruvate, acetyl groups and intermediates in the krebs cycle

53
Q

Define respiratory quotient

A

Ratio of CO2 molecules produced compared to O2 molecules taken in during respiration

54
Q

How is RQ calculated ?

A

CO2 produced / O2 consumed

55
Q

What is the RQ for carbohydrates ?

A

1.0

56
Q

What is the RQ for lipids ?

A

0.7

57
Q

What is the RQ for proteins ?

A

0.8-0.9

58
Q

What is the RQ for anaerobic respiration ?

A

1.0

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