Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Green > 2.1.1: Cell Structure > Flashcards

2.1.1: Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Define magnification

A

How much bigger an object is compared to its actual size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define resolution

A

Ability to see individual objects as separate entities and see detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which microscope has the highest resolution and magnification?

A

TEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does a TEM do ?

A

Electromagnets focus a beam of electrons.Denser regions absorb more.Smaller organelles such as ribosomes become visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does a SEM do ?

A

Beams of electrons are scattered across surface of specimen TO CREATE 3D IMAGE WHICH SHOWS SURFACE DETAIL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give disadvantages of electron microscopes (3)

A
  • Non living samples
  • Specialist training
  • Expensive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give 2 organelles not visible using a light microscope

A
  • Lysosomes
  • Ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give 2 ways to measure cells and organelles

A
  • Eyepiece graticule + stage micrometer
  • Micrograph
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give scale bar equation to work out length of scale bar

A

Length of scale bar = magnification x length scale bar represents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give 2 advantages of differential staining

A
  • Creates a contrast using stains ( if structures are colourless and transparent)
  • Helps identify organelles ( clearer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give the 4 ways of preparing a microscope slide

A
  • Dry mount
  • Wet mount
  • Squash slide
  • Smear slide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give magnification equation

A

Image = magnification x actual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give an example of a stain

A

Methylene blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why are TEM black and white ?

A

No light is reflected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the nucleus ?

A
  • Site of DNA replication + transcription
    -Site of ribosome synthesis
  • Contains cells genetic code
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give features inside the nucleus and their functions

A
  • Nuclear envelope ( double membrane)
  • Nucleoplasm (granular jelly-like material)
  • Nucleolus ( site of rRNA + ribosome production)
  • Nuclear pore (enables mRNA to leave the nucleus)
  • Chromosomes ( protein bound, linear DNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 2 functions of a centriole ?

A
  • Production of spindle fibres
  • Organisation of chromosomes during cell division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give 2 features of centrioles

A physical feature and what they are made of

A
  • In pairs form a centrosome ( in the center)
  • Made of microtubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus ? (3)

A
  • Carbohydrates + proteins = glycoproteins (modify and package proteins)
  • Lipid synthesis
  • Form lysosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the folded membranes on the golgi apparatus, SER and RER called ?

A

Cisternae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the function of vesicles ?

A

Transport finished products to the cell surface membrane for exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are lysosomes ?

A

Bags of digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the function of lysosomes ?

A
  • Hydrolyse phagocycotic cells
  • Break down dead cells (autolysis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the cell wall ?

A

Structural strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the cell wall in plants, fungi and prokaryotes made from ?

A
  • Cellulose
  • Chitin
  • Peptidoglyan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of a mitochondrion ?

A
  • Site of aerobic respiration
  • Site of ATP production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Give features of a mitochondrion

A
  • Double membrane
    -Cristae (folds within inner membrane)
  • 70s ribosomes
  • Loop of mitochondrial DNA (code for enzymes needed for respiration)
  • Mitochondrial matrix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of a ribosome ?

A

Site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Give features of a ribosome

What it’s made of and in which type of cells they can be found

A
  • Protein + rRNA
  • 80s (eukaryotes)
  • 70s (prokaryotes + chloroplasts + mitochondria)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum ?

A

Synthesis and store of carbohydrates + lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum ?

A

Protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the function of cilia (hair like projections) ?

A
  • Stationary cilia in sensory organs
  • Mobile cilia help move/waft substances (dust) away from lungs
33
Q

What is the function of a flagella ?

A
  • Sensory organelle for chemical stimuli
  • Mobility
34
Q

What is the structure of a flagella ?

A

Whip like structure

35
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast ?

A

Site of photosynthesis

36
Q

Give features of a chloroplast

A
  • Fluid filled stroma with enzymes
  • Stacks = grana
  • Double membrane
  • lamella
  • Foldings = thylakoids
  • 70s ribosomes
37
Q

Ribosomes, organelles, DNA

Give 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  • 70s ribosomes vs 80s ribosomes
  • non membrane bound organelles vs membrane bound organelles
  • DNA contained within nucleus vs DNA not contained within nucleus
38
Q

Give 3 differences in organelles between prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes
- plasmids
- flagella
- capsule around cell

Eukaryotes
- mitochondria
- chloroplasts
- golgi
- SER/ RER

39
Q

Give 3 differences between plant and animal cells

A
  • Plant cell = chloroplasts, plasmodesmata for exchange
  • Animal cells contain centrioles
40
Q

What is the importance of the cytoskeleton ?

A

NETWORK OF FIBRES FOR ..
- microfilaments ( cell movement of cilia+ production of flagella + cilia)
- microtubules ( scaffold like structure and mechanical strength)
- intermediate fibres ( cell support and structure)

41
Q

What is the function of a plasmid ?

A

Loops of DNA which carry a few genes

42
Q

What is the function of a slime capsule

A
  • Protects bacteria against hosts immune system
  • Prevents bacteria from drying out (desiccating)
43
Q

What are some physical features of prokaryote ?

A
  • Peptidoglycan cell wall
  • Pilli
  • Slimy layer made of protein
44
Q

List the membrane bound organelles (8)

A
  • vacuole
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • lysosomes
  • golgi apparatus
  • SER
  • RER
  • chloroplast
45
Q

List the non-membrane bound organelles (4)

A
  • flagella
  • cilia
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
46
Q

Give the 4 steps of protein production and secretion

A
  • Polypeptide chains synthesised on ribosomes of RER
  • Polypeptide chains move to cisternae in RER packaged into vesicles ,moved to the golgi apparatus via cytoskeleton
  • Proteins modified + packaged into vesicles in golgi apparatus
  • Secretory vesicles carry proteins to cell surface membrane where it fuses and releases proteins by exocytosis
47
Q

What is resolution limited by ?

A

Diffraction ( the tendency of light waves to spread as they pass close to physical structures)

48
Q

How can resolution be increased ?

A

Using beams of electrons which have a wavelength thousands of times shorter than light

49
Q

Why can structures of the same organelle look different ?

A
  • Cut in different plane
  • One cut horizontally and one cut vertically
50
Q

Name an example of an extra cellular protein secreted from a cell

A

Insulin
( Begins with mRNA copy of gene for insulin being made in nucleus)

51
Q

Give 3 organelles found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell surface membrane
  • Ribosomes
52
Q

What equipment would you use to measure a specimen between 200 and 300 um in length ?

A

Eyepiece graticule and light microscope

53
Q

Give 2 things to ensure when putting a cover slip on a sample with a stain

A
  • Use a mounted needle to prevent formation of air bubbles
  • Use blotting paper to remove excess stain
54
Q

How are plants supported other than by having a cell wall ?

A
  • Air spaces give buoyancy
  • Supported by surrounding water
55
Q

Give method of calibrating the diameter of a cell nucleus with a light microscope

A

1) Use eyepiece graticule
2) Calibrate eyepiece graticule using stage micrometer and calculate length of 1 epu
3) Measure diameter f nucleus in epu
4) Take repeat measurements and calculate mean diameter in epu
5) Use calibrated epu to calculate diameter of nucleus in units describes um)

56
Q

Give a benefit of using the squash slide method

A

Allows light to penetrate tissues more easily

57
Q

Give a benefit of using the wet mount slide technique

A

Prevents dehydration of tissue

58
Q

Give 3 benefits of using a stain

A
  • Contrast is higher
  • More internal structures visible
  • Cells can be distinguished from each other
59
Q

What is the surrounding layer of the vacuole called ?

A

Tonoplast

60
Q

What DNA do chloroplasts contain ?

A

Their own circular DNA

61
Q

How does yeast divide ?

A

Budding

62
Q

Outline a role of membranes

A

Compartmentalisation

63
Q

Why might the same organelle look different on a microscope slide ?

A
  • Cut in a different plane
  • One cut horizontally, one cut vertically
64
Q

Describe how light microscopes work

A
  • Lenses focus rays of light and magnify the view of thin slice of specimen
  • Different structures absorb different amounts and wavelengths of light
  • Reflected light is transmitted to observer via objective lens and eyepiece
65
Q

(Rules of scientific drawings)

How should a field of view in microscopy be recorded ?

A
  • Draw diagram with sharp pencil
  • Annotate visible structures
  • No sketchy lines
  • Scale bar included
66
Q

Give an organelle found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Ribosomes

67
Q

What size ribosomes do onion cells have ?

A

80s

68
Q

What is the role of the membrane in the RER (3 reasons)

A
  • Compartmentalisation
  • Hold ribosomes in place
  • Separate synthesised proteins from cell cytoplasm
69
Q

Why is more mitochondria beneficial for cell growth ?

A
  • Able to respire aerobically
  • produces more ATP
  • ATP NEEDED for , active transport / cell division
  • More ATP allows faster metabolic reactions
70
Q

What is a feature of a cell that isn’t an organelle ?

A

Cell surface membrane

71
Q

Give the process and organelles involved in translation of proteins from RNA

A
  • m)RNA transported out of nucleus
  • (m)RNA transported to
    ribosome
  • translation occurs at ribosome
  • (t)RNA brings specific amino acids
  • peptide bonds form between adjacent amino
  • polypeptide processed through Golgi
    apparatus
72
Q

List features of the cytoskeleton

A
  • mechanical strength (to cells)
  • cell, support
    movement of vesicles such as lysosomes throughout cell
  • holding organelles in position
  • formation of cilia
  • Exocytosis
73
Q

How do microtubules move organelles within cells?

A

Change in length causes movement

74
Q

Why does water move into a red blood cell causing it to burst but not in a plant cell ?

A

Cytoplasm has lower water potential than distilled water causing water to move in by osmosis down water potential gradient and rbc cannot withstand pressure so it bursts

Plant cell wall provides support so it can withstand pressure and doesn’t burst

75
Q

Give 2 functions of nuclear pores

A
  • Allow mRNA to leave the nucleus
  • Allow communication between nucleus and cytoplasm
76
Q

Give 2 processes inside a cell which relies on the cytoskeleton for movement

A
  • RNA in protein synthesis
  • Cytoplasm in cytokenisis
77
Q

Give 3 roles of membranes INSIDE a cell

A
  • Compartmentalisation
  • Site for attachment of enzymes
  • Creation of concentration gradients
78
Q

How are vesicles moved between organelles ?

A

Use cytoskeleton and move along microfilaments which are extended using ATP

Green (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions