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Green > 4.2.2: Classification and evolution > Flashcards

4.2.2: Classification and evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Define classification

A

Placing living things into groups

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2
Q

Define taxonomy/ taxonomic heirarchy

A

A form of classification that focuses on physical similarities between different species for identification

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3
Q

Define phylogeny

A

Classification of organisms by evolutionary relationships so every group shares a common ancestor

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4
Q

What is the taxonomic hierarchy ?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phyllum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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5
Q

What is each group in a taxonomic hierarchy called?

A

A taxa

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6
Q

How does the binomial naming system work ?

A

Genus then species
species in lower case
Genus starting with a capital
Write in italics or underline

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7
Q

What does a binomial name given an indication of ?

A

How closely related different species are

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8
Q

What was previous evidence that led to classification ?

A

Based on observable characteristics but this was inaccurate as members of different species can look similar if in the same habitat and exposed to similar environmental conditions

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9
Q

What is the current evidence which led to the classification system ?

A

Immunology and gene sequencing

  • The higher the degree of similarity of base sequences, the closer the relation of species. The larger the number of mutations, the longer time ago the species evolved from a common ancestor.
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10
Q

Who introduced the 3 domain classification system ?

A

Carl Woese

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11
Q

What is the 3 domain classification system and what does it reflect ?

A
  • Organisms are split based on type of rRNA, ribosomes and cell membrane structures
  • Reflects differences between archae and bacteria : enzyme RNA polymerase is different for both, archae only has similar histones to eukarya and bonds in lipids of cell membranes are different.
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12
Q

What is included within the Eukaryota domain ?

A

animalia, protoctista, plantae, fungi

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13
Q

Which domains are prokaryotes split between?

A

Archae and Eubacteria

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14
Q

What are archae ?

A

Live in extreme environments such as anaerobic conditions, have DNA replication mechanisms and similar enzymes to eukaryotes

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15
Q

What are eubacteria ?

A

most bacteria found everywhere, different cell membrane and enzymes to build RNA to eukaryotes

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16
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Prokaryotae
Plantae
Animalia
Protoctista
Fungi

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17
Q

Give an example of a prokaryote

A

E.coli

18
Q

What is the largest kingdom ?

A

Animalia

19
Q

What is the second largest kingdom ?

A

Plantae

20
Q

Give an example of a protoctista

A

Amoeba

21
Q

Give 2 examples of fungi

A

Mould and yeast

22
Q

Give features of the prokaryotae kingdom

A
  • Unicellular
  • No membrane bound organelles or nucleus
  • Small ribosomes
  • Ring of DNA with no associated proteins
  • No visible feeding mechanism: nutrients absorbed through cell walls or internally by photosynthesis
23
Q

Give features of the plantae kingdom

A
  • Multicellular
  • Nucleus
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Chloroplasts and chlorophyll
  • Cell walls = cellulose
  • Don’t move (gametes can move using cilia/flagella)
  • Food stored as starch
  • Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis
24
Q

What type of feeders are in the plantae kingdom ?

A

Autotrophic feeders - make their own food !

25
Q

Give features of the animalia kingdom

A
  • Multicellular
  • Nucleus
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • No chloroplasts
  • No cell wall
  • Move using cilia/ flagella and contractile proteins in muscles
  • Food stored as glycogen
  • Nutrients acquired by ingestion
26
Q

What type of feeders are the animalia kingdom ?

A

Heterotrophic feeders

27
Q

Give features of the protoctista kingdom

A
  • Unicellular
  • Nucleus
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Some have chloroplasts, cilia and flagella
  • Cell wall = peptidoglycan
  • Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis or other organisms or both (if parasitic)
28
Q

What type of feeders are protoctista ?

A

Autotrophic and heterotrophic

29
Q

Give features of the fungi kingdom

A
  • Unicellular or multicellular
  • Nucleus
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • Cell wall = chitin
  • No chloroplasts/ chlorophyll
  • No mechanisms for locomotion
  • Body made from threads called hyphae
  • Food can be stored as glycogen
  • Nutrients acquired from absorption of decaying material and some are parasitic
30
Q

What type of feeders are fungi ?

A

Saprophytic feeders

31
Q

Who created the theory of evolution ?

A

Darwin and Wallace

32
Q

What are the 3 types of evidence for evolution ?

A

Fossils, DNA and molecular evidence

33
Q

How are fossils evidence for evolution ?

A

Shows how species have changed over time as they are the remains of dead animals and plants from a long time ago

34
Q

How is DNA evidence for evolution ?

A

Can compare DNA base sequences of common genes to examine how closely related species are and estimate when in history 2 species shared a common ancestor

35
Q

How is there molecular evidence for evolution ?

A

The more similar the molecules the less distant the species diverged from each other e.g. compare sequences of amino acids in proteins

36
Q

What are 4 of Darwin’s observations ?

A
  • Organisms produce more offspring than survive
  • Variation in characteristics of members of the same species
  • Characteristics can be passed on between generations
  • Organisms best adapted to environment are more likely to survive
37
Q

What is Darwin’s theory of evolution ?

A

Individuals in a population show variation in phenotype. Selection pressures create a struggle for survival and individuals with better adaptations are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on advantageous alleles to offspring. Over time the proportion of the population carrying advantageous alleles increases

38
Q

How can Darwins’ theory be linked to modern day understanding ?

A

We now know that genes determine an organisms characteristics. Variations in phenotypes are due to genetic variation

39
Q

What type of feeders are prokaryotes ?

A

Heterotrophic

40
Q

Explain how phylogeny is related to classification

A

The closer the relationship the closer the grouping in phylogeny. It is used in modern classification for how we analyse DNA

41
Q

Outline the features of the domain system of classification compared with the 5 kingdom system

A
  • Prokaryotes are divided into Eubacteria and Archae bacteria
  • Domains are based on differences in DNA and reflect differences between eubacteria and archae bacteria
    Eukaryota contains the animalia, plantae, protoctista and fungi kingdom

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