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Green > 4.2.1: Biodiversity > Flashcards

4.2.1: Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation to work out the proportion of polymorphic gene loci ?

A

Number of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci

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2
Q

What is a polymorphic gene ?

A

Locus with 2 or more alleles

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3
Q

In what type of populations do polymorphic genes have to be examined in ?

A

Isolated populations such as zoos where there has been captive breeding, rare breeds and pedigree animals where selective breeding has been used

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4
Q

Where are alleles of the same gene found on a chromosome ?

A

The same point - a locus

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5
Q

What does a higher proportion of polymorphic gene loci mean ?

A

The larger the genetic diversity within the population

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6
Q

Define biodiversity

A

The variety of habitats and number of different species in an area

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7
Q

Define species diversity

A

The number of different species and the abundance of each species in an area

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8
Q

Give 2 examples of species diversity

A

Species richness and species evenness

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9
Q

Define species richness

A

Number of different species living in a habitat

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10
Q

Define species evenness

A

Comparison of the number/abundance of individuals of each species living in a habitat

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11
Q

Define habitat diversity

A

The number of different habitats in an area e.g. sand dunes and meadows

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12
Q

Define species

A

A group of similar organisms able to reproduce to give fertile offspring

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13
Q

Define habitat

A

The area inhabited by a species, including physical/ abiotic and biotic factors

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14
Q

Give 2 examples of biotic factors

A
  • Competition
  • Breeding partners
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15
Q

Give 3 examples of abiotic factors

A
  • Temperature
  • Oxygen availability
  • Light intensity
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16
Q

Define genetic diversity

A

The variation of alleles within a population of a species

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17
Q

Give an example of genetic diversity

A

Different breeds within a species

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18
Q

What can reduce genetic diversity ?

A

Captive breeding, inbreeding, genetic bottleneck and founder effect

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19
Q

How is random sampling carried out ?

A

1- Lay out 2 tape measures at right angles to each other to create a grid area
2- Use a random number generator to select coordinates

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20
Q

What is a positive and negative of random sampling ?

A
  • Avoids bias
  • May not be representative of whole population if there is a large variety in the distribution of a species

THEREFORE YOU MUST SAMPLE THE RANGE OF ORGANISMS WITHIN A HABITAT

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of non-random sampling ?

A
  • Opportunistic
  • Stratified
  • Systematic
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22
Q

What is opportunistic sampling ?
Give an advantage and 2 disadvantages

A

Samples which are conveniently available and are chosen by investigator. Method is simple but there is bias and it isn’t representative

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23
Q

What is stratified sampling ?

A

Habitat is separated into different areas and randomly sampled in proportion to the habitat as a whole

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24
Q

What is systematic sampling ?

A

Samples are taken at fixed intervals to investigate change in distribution of species within a habitats and how this can effect biodiversity

Belt transect

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25
Q

What is a pooter used for ?

A

To catch small insects by sucking on a mouthpiece causing insects to be drawn up into holding chamber

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26
Q

What are sweep nets used for ?

A

To catch insects in areas of long grass

27
Q

What are pitfall traps used for ?

A

To catch small crawling invertebrates.Hole is dug in ground and pot placed in deep enough so bug can’t crawl out and a roof structure so trap doesn’t fill with water

28
Q

What tool should you use when investigating species and biodiversity ?

A

Identification chart for species !

29
Q

What are quadrats ?

A

To sample plants or slow moving organisms

30
Q

What are the types of quadrat ?

A

Point quadrat is a horizontal bar with holes at set intervals that long pins are placed through. Any species touching the pin when pushed into the ground are recorded

Frame quadrat is 0.5m x 0.5m , square and divided into grids of equal sections

31
Q

Give 3 things quadrats can measure

A
  • Density
  • Frequency
  • Percentage cover
32
Q

What is a line transect ?

A

Line marked along ground using tape measure and samples taken at set intervals

33
Q

What is a belt transect ?

A

2 parallel lines marked along ground using tape measures. Samples taken at fixed intervals to show gradual change and variation between areas

34
Q

What do N, n and D stand for in Simpson’s index ?

A

N = total no. of organisms of all species in habitats

n = total no. of individuals of a particular species

D = diversity index

35
Q

What does a large value of Simpson’s index indicate ?

A

The greater the diversity and stability of a community

36
Q

What does a low value of Simpson’s index indicate ?

A

The lower the diversity and the community is unstable !

37
Q

What are the 3 factors affecting biodiversity ?

A
  • Human population growth
  • Climate change
  • Agriculture (monoculture)
38
Q

Give 4 ways in which human population growth is affecting biodiversity

A
  • Deforestation (habitat loss)
  • Urbanisation (isolate species, populations can’t interbreed, decreases genetic diversity)
  • Pollution (reduces biodiversity)
  • Over exploitation (industrial fishing reduces genetic diversity and species diversity through extinction)
39
Q

Give 1 way in which agriculture affects biodiversity

A

Local and naturally occurring plants and animals seen as pests so are killed with herbicides and pesticides which reduces species diversity

40
Q

Give 1 way in which climate change affects biodiversity

A

Melting of ice caps increases flooding so decreases biodiversity

41
Q

What are the 3 reasons for maintaining biodiversity ?

A
  • Ecological
  • Economical
  • Aesthetic
42
Q

What are the ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity ?

A
  • To protect keystone species as organisms are dependent on eachother. A loss of species could disrupt food chains, nutrient cycles and soil quality ( meaning less food)
  • Maintain genetic resources for products such as drugs and fuels which are important for the global economy. Also means we can adapt to a changing environment e.g. genetically engineer drought resistant crops
43
Q

What are the economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity ?

A

Deforestation and continuous monoculture can result in soil depletion and erosion meaning lower yields

44
Q

What are the aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity ?

A

Protecting landscapes which improve mental health and create inspiration for art

45
Q

What is in situ conservation ?

A

On site conservation - method of protecting species within their natural habitat to ensure endangered species survive if habitat is threatened

46
Q

Give 2 examples of in situ conservation and their function

A
  • Wildlife reserves and marine conservation zones

Areas actively managed to conserve and let wildlife recover/repopulate

47
Q

Give 3 advantages of in situ conservation

A
  • Genetic diversity is maintained as individuals not bred captively
  • Preventing extinction of species positively impacts other species who have interdependence
  • Species and habitats are preserved and not disrupted
48
Q

Give 3 disadvantages of in situ conservation

A
  • Difficult to control factors which threaten populations such as disease
  • Expensive as people have to be employed
  • Time consuming as it is active management
49
Q

What is ex situ conservation ?

A

Off site conservation - protection of species by removing them from threatened habitat and placing in a new location

50
Q

Give 3 examples of ex situ conservation

A

Botanic gardens
Seed banks
Zoos

51
Q

How do botanic gardens work ?

A

Controlled environment to grow rare plants with optimal growth conditions. Endangered or extinct in the wild species are grown and reintroduced into habitat

52
Q

How do seed banks work ?

A

Seeds are frozen and stored without losing fertility as a source if natural resources are destroyed by disease or natural disasters

53
Q

How do zoos work ?

A

Breeding animals in captivity and releasing them into habitats when they are strong enough

54
Q

Give 3 advantages of ex situ conservation

A
  • Can increase the no. of individuals of a species
  • Controlled environment means predation and hunting are managed
  • Can reintroduce species into the wild where they previously left an area
55
Q

Give 3 advantages of ex situ conservation

A
  • Difficult and expensive to sustain optimum environment
  • Difficult to reintroduce species who have lost interdependence and don’t develop natural behaviour
  • Difficult to maintain genetic diversity
56
Q

What are the 3 historic and current agreements ?

A
  • CITES
  • CSS
  • CBD
57
Q

What does CITES stand for ? And what does it aim to do

A

( Convention of International trade in endangered species )
- To not put wild populations at risk
- To safeguard species from over exploitation

Regulates the international trade of wild plant and animal species

58
Q

What does CBD stand for ? And what does it aim to do ?

A

( Rio convention on biological diversity )

  • Aims to combat desertification to prevent fertile land becoming desert and causing droughts
  • To stabilise greenhouse gas emissions within atmosphere

Creates strategies for sustainable development and is historic

59
Q

What does CSS stand for? And what does is aim to do ?

A

( Countryside stewardship scheme )

  • To sustain the beauty and diversity of the landscape
  • To improve and extend wildlife habitats

Offers government payments to farmers to conserve English landscape (local)

60
Q

Give 4 reasons why organisms born in captivity may not be suitable for release

A

Disease: loss of resistance to local diseases in wild

Behaviour: loss of interdependence as natural behaviour not developed from copying

Habitat: natural habitat need to be restored before re population

Genetics: genetic makeup too different from original population so 2 populations can’t interbreed

61
Q

How should quadrats be used to ensure data is accurate ?

A
  • Use random coordinate generator for locations of quadrats
  • Survey at different seasons
  • Use of identification chart
  • Standardisation of technique for each quadrat by calculating % cover
62
Q

How can clear felling be used to produce timber sustainably ?

A
  • Allow trees to regrow
  • Replant trees
  • Rotate the area where trees are cut down
63
Q

Describe the process of coppicing and its benefits to biodiversity

A
  • Tree is cut near ground but some trunk left
  • Trunk covered by thorns to deter grazers and allow more shoots to grow in thin branches from trunk
  • Prevents succession
  • Roots prevent soil erosion
  • New stems grow more rapidly
  • More shrubs grow as more light can filter through to floor meaning more photosynthesis and growth which increases biodiversity
64
Q

What needs to be done on release of an animal to ensure success of the breeding programme ?

A
  • Ensure they have food and shelter
  • Protect them against humans and predators
  • Monitor them and their development

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