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Histology > 514-3 Bone > Flashcards

514-3 Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 components of a bone?

A

Bone tissue, marrow, cartilage, and periosteum

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2
Q

What is the vascular membrane surrounding exterior bone? What is the membrane lining the marrow cavity and all internal passages?

A

Periosteum Outside, Endosteum Inside

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3
Q

What is found on the ends of Long bone? What type of CT covers this portion? What is the shaft of the long bone called?

A

The epiphysis “EPI-FEE-SIS”. Made of spongy, covered in compact. It is covered with Articular/HYALINE cartilage. Middle: Diaphysis “DIE-AH-FEE-SIS”

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4
Q

What type of bone fills in the Long bone?What type of bone is always the outer layer of a Long bone?

A

Spongy Bone Inside, Compact Bone Outside

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5
Q

What cavity located in the Diaphysis of a long bone starts as marrow and progresses toward adipose with age?

A

The marrow cavity

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6
Q

What type of fluid is involved in the joint surface along with hyaline cartilage.

A

Synovial Fluid

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7
Q

What type of connective tissue proper make periosteum?

A

Dense Irregular

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8
Q

What connects the periosteum to the bone tissue?

A

Sharpy’s Fibers!

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9
Q

What is the magical function of the periosteum and endostium?

A

Osteogenic Potency: growth or injury cells in these tissues can differentiate to osteoblasts.

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10
Q

What structures carry blood in and out of the bone?

A

Periosteal arteries and veins

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11
Q

What is the structure of Flat bone? What is the unique name for the middle layer of bone?

A

Compact bone surrounding spongy bone called the Diploe

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12
Q

What does the inner surface periosteum of the flat bone of the skull merge with?

A

the Meninges

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13
Q

Which embryonic cells do the osteogenic cells of the end&periosteum arise from? When do these cells go into action?

A

Embryonic Mesenchymal Cells. Stress (weight lifting) and injury stimulate these

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14
Q

What type of material do osteoblasts lay down to build bone? What do they mature into once completely surrounded?

A

Approx 50% organic and 50% mineral. They mature into osteocytes!

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15
Q

What is an isolated, newly formed piece of bone?

A

A Spicule!

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16
Q

What are the pits in the bone tissue matrix where the osteocyte lives?

A

Lacunae

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17
Q

What are the projections from osteocytes that produce the bone matrix?

A

Filopods(pseudopods)

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18
Q

What are the tiny canals that contain the filopods?

A

Canaliculi

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19
Q

How are osteocytes nourished?

A

They make a ring around a central supply canal and use GAP junctions to transport nutrients.

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20
Q

What is the official makeup of the bone matrix? What 4 organic materials? What 3 inorganic materials?

A

50% organic:Type I collagen, GAGs, Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins….50% Inorganic: of which: 85% hydroxyapatite 10% calcium carbonate 5% other minerals F,S,K…)

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21
Q

How do the organic and inorganic features of the bone matrix work together?

A

Organic resists tension, mineral resists compression. Remember the pictures of bone in a knot and shattered bone? :)

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22
Q

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone? (2 names)

A

An osteon! or Haversian System

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23
Q

What is the concentric layer in an osteon of compact bone?

A

A Lamella

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24
Q

What is a perpendicular branch off the Haversian canal of compact bone? (2 names)

A

A perforating canal or Volkmann’s canal

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25
Q

What is the ring that makes the outer circumference of the diaphysis?

A

Circumferential Lamellae (outer lamellae)

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26
Q

What structures branch off the compact bone and fill the marrow cavity with spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae

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27
Q

What is the visible boundary of each osteon?

A

Cementing Line

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28
Q

In a concentric lamella of an osteon, which ring is going to be the youngest?

A

Since the bone grows INTO the Haversian Canal, the newest bone is going to be closest to the blood vessel.

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29
Q

What two substances fill between the trabeculae of spongy bone?

A

Marrow and adipose

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30
Q

Are the trabeculae of spongy bone organized in any particular manner?

A

They are somewhat organized in the direction of shear forces. Think of the picture…

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31
Q

What are the 3 types of bone marrow?

A

1)Red-Hips Ribs, young people 2)Yellow-long shaft bones of adults 3)Gelatinous Marrow-a reddish jelly replacement in old folks

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32
Q

What are those “big cells” found in the red bone marrow?

A

Megakaryoctyes

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33
Q

What is the main distinction between inter membranous ossification and endochondrial ossification? Can they happen at the same time?

A

I.O.=Develops from Embryonic Connective Tissue E.O.= Develops from Hyaline Cartilage. They OFTEN happen together to build and repair bone.

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34
Q

What 3 bones develop via Intermembranous Ossification?

A

1) Flat Bones of the Skull 2)The Clavicle 3)Body of the Mandible

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35
Q

Tell me the story of the formation of bone through I.O.

A

1)Mesenchyme condenses in to soft trabeculae 2)Osteoblasts gather on the trabeculae to form UNCALCIFIED OSTEOID tissue 3)Ca2+Phospate deposited into matrix and hardens. 4)Osteoblasts develop into osteocytes and are surrounded by bone 5)OsteoCLASTS remodel the center for marrow spaces 6) Osteoblasts remodel the surface to form compact bone 7) Surfaces covered with periosteum

36
Q

What are the soft regions in a newborn skull? How many are there and when do they close?

A

Fontanels. There are 6 and they usually close by 1 definitely by 2yrs.

37
Q

Tell me the story of the formation of bone through E.O.

A

1)Primary ossification center forms in the cartilage model. 2)Cartilage becomes Hypertrophic (chondrocytes swell) 3) Hypertrophic cartilage removed by macrophages 4)Primary marrow space is formed 5)Blood V’s and Nerves grow into marrow space 6)Osteogenic cells (from surrounding membrane) invade the cleared out space and become osteoblasts 7)Osteoblasts deposit the osteoid tissue and calcified matrix.

38
Q

Which zone of cartilage in E.O. do we see stacks of chondrocytes?

A

the proliferation zone.

39
Q

What are the 5 zones of cartilage in E.O.?

A

1)Reserve cartilage 2)Proliferation 3)Hypertrophy 4)Calcification 5)Bone Deposition

40
Q

Which region of bone contains the zones of E.O.?

A

The Metaphysis

41
Q

What is the layer of resting hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis?

A

Zone of Reserve Cartilage

42
Q

What is the layer of chondrocytes that multiply forming COLUMNS of flattened lacunae in the metaphysis?

A

Zone of Cell Proliferation

43
Q

What is the region of swollen chondrocytes in the metaphysis?

A

Zone of Cell Hypertrophy

44
Q

What zone in metaphysis shows mineralization of the cartilage matrix and death of chondrocytes?

A

Zone of Calcification

45
Q

What is the metaphysis zone that replaces mineralized cartilage matrix?

A

Zone of Bone Deposition

46
Q

Where do secondary ossification centers begin?

A

the epiphysis of long bones at birth

47
Q

What is the END result of secondary ossification? What finishes on the epiphysis?

A

Hyaline Cartilage remains over the epiphysis.

48
Q

What does the metaphysis eventually develop into?

A

A growth plate!

49
Q

What defines the growth (epiphyseal) plate?

A

Cartilagenous tissue that remains between the marrow cavity and the spongy bone until growth ends.

50
Q

How do bones increase in length?

A

Interstitial Growth at the Epiphysial Plate

51
Q

How do bones increase in width?

A

Appositional Growth of new osteons

52
Q

What are the three main groups of chemicals that stimulate bone growth?

A

20+ hormones, vitamins, and growth factors

53
Q

How does estrogen affect bone growth?

A

It has a sting effect and is why girls grow FASTER then boys

54
Q

How does testosterone affect bone growth?

A

It allows bones to grow for a longer TIME, why boys are taller on avg.

55
Q

What happens to the epiphyseal plate when growth stops?

A

The epiphyseal plate “closes”

56
Q

What are 4 main points about Growth Hormone?

A

1.Released from the Anterior Petuitary 2.Stimulates IGF in the liver 3.Burns Fat & Builds Muscle 4. Occurs in a Pulsatile manner

57
Q

What are the 3 main Growth Hormone disorders?

A
  1. Gigantism 2.Acromegaly 3. Dwarfism (3 main types of its own)
58
Q

What are the 3 types of dwarfism we discussed?

A

1)Achondroplastic 2)Pituitary 3)Primordial

59
Q

What is PTH’s effect on the kidney? What Vitamin helps action in the GI Tract?

A

Kidney:Reabsorb Ca2+ back into blood! GI: C/O Vitamin D (calcitrol) it absorbs Ca2+ back into blood

60
Q

What does phosphate extortion accomplish?

A

Increase in blood [Ca2+]

61
Q

What is the result of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Too much PTH will inhibit osteoblast activity.

62
Q

What types of drugs are given for osteoporosis?

A

PTH! PARADOX!! with a low dose it can stimulate osteoblast activity…

63
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteocytes

64
Q

What two factors convert ostoprogenitor cells to osteoblasts?

A

Transforming Growth Factor-Beta & Bone Morphogenic Protein

65
Q

What are the origins of an osteoclast?

A

Multiple Monocytes

66
Q

What is the process which ions are removed from blood plasma and are deposited in bone tissue?

A

Mineralization

67
Q

What are the three fibers/proteins become encrusted with minerals during mineralization?

A

1 Collagen Fibers 2 Osteopontin 3 Bone Sialoprotein

68
Q

Which three hormones INHIBIT bone reabsorption?

A

Estrogen, Calcitonin, & Glucocorticoids

69
Q

What hormone inhibits release of serotonin from the CNS and has an effect on osteoblast and clast activity?

A

LEPTIN

70
Q

Where does bone erosion take place on the osteoclast? What acid does it use to erode the bone? What is a second acid that breaks down collagen fibrils in the bone?

A

It takes place at the ruffled border and uses HCl. A SECOND ACID is from Lysosomes in the osetoclast that use Phosphatase to break down the fibers!

71
Q

What type of pressure stimulates osteoclasts? Osteoblasts?

A

Increased Pressure = OsteoCLAST; Decreased Pressure=OsteoBlast

72
Q

What are two names for the cavity produced by osteoclast activity? How do osteoclasts transfer the broken-down material away from the ruffled zone?

A

Howships Lacunae & Resroption Bays! Transcytosis.

73
Q

Where does the osteoclast get its H ions? Namely: What two readily available substances in the body form bicarb? What enzyme makes this happen?

A

CO2 and H2O make bicarb, and Carbonic Anhydrase II catalyzes that reaction.

74
Q

What pump moves H ions out of an osteoclast? What is the pH of how ships lacunae?

A

H+-ATPase Proton Pump. pH of ~4.5

75
Q

What are the two main proteins in sealing Howship’s Lacunae?

A

Actin and Integrin

76
Q

What are the two precursors for an osteoclast?

A

Monocyte–>Macrophage–>Osteoclast

77
Q

What biological drug prevents osteoporosis by blocking the RANKL on a osteoblast?

A

DEN-O-SUM-AHH-B

78
Q

What are the 4 main steps to Osteoclast formation?

A

1)PTH binds to an osteoblast 2) Osetoblast secretes M-CSF 3)A recently converted monocyte–>Macrophage bins M-CSF and shows RANK 4)The Macrophage/Osteoclast precursor w/ multiple nuclei binds to RANKL on the oseoblast

79
Q

What is the self regulatory ligand secreted by an osteoblast to inhibit osteoclast production?

A

osteoPROTEGRIN

80
Q

What mineral irregularity can lead to muscle tetany? Which mineral irregularity depresses the nervous system?

A

Hypocalcemia causes tetany; Hypercalcemia depresses the nervous system

81
Q

What are the three steps of calcitriol (Vitamin D) formation?

A

1)UV rays excite keratinocytes to make D3 from cholesterol. 2)Liver converts D3 to calciDiol 3) Kidney converts calciDiol to CalciTriol

82
Q

What is the effect of Calcitriol (Vitamin D) on blood calcium concentration?

A

INCREASE blood Ca2+ (like PTH!)

83
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted from? What type of cell?

A

Secreted from the thyroid by C-Cells (Calcitonin-cell:get it?!)

84
Q

What is osteoporosis due to?

A

Loss of organic matrix and mineral in bone tissue.

85
Q

How do bisphosphonates impair osteoclasts?

A

Impairs osteoclast ability to make ruffled boarder, adhere to bone surface, and produce protons.

86
Q

What are the four stages of bone healing?

A

1)Fracture Hematoma-blood clot 2)Soft Callus-fibrocartilage 3)Hard Callus-spongy bone 6wks 4)Compact bone-replaces spongy 6mo

87
Q

What disease causes uncontrolled bone growth from a single-nucleotide variation on chromosome 2?

A

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

Histology (8 decks)

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