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Histology > 514-1 Integument > Flashcards

514-1 Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Which primary tissue classes are contained in the integumentary system?

A

All 4: Epithelium (Epidermis), Connective Tissue(Dermis, Hypodermis), Muscle, and Nerves

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2
Q

What are the two distinct tissues of the skin? What percentage of body mass?

A

Epidermis-Epithelium Dermis- complex Connective Tissue. The skin as an organ is 15% of body weight!

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3
Q

What are the 5 layers of epidermis? This is BIG

A

1)Stratum Corneum 2)Stratum Lucidum 3)Stratum Granulosum 4)Stratum Spinosum 5)Stratum Basale

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4
Q

Whats another name for the stratum basale? What shape of cell is the attached layer?

A

S. Germinativum (Probably after some German dude) Its an attached CUBOIDAL cell layer!

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5
Q

What are the three cell types of the S. Basale?

A

1)Keratinocytes-undergoing mitosis to replace epidermis (the SOURCE!!) 2)Melanocytes-synthesize melanin and inject into keratinocytes 3)Tactile cells (MERKEL cells)-touch receptors associated with nerve fibers.

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6
Q

What is a nickname for the stratum spinosum? Think cactus..What are the two cell types found here? What LINKS them?

A

1)Keratinocytes…(Weird, huh?!) Look “SPINY”=SPINOSUM c/o shrinkage during histo prep. 2)DENDRITIC Cells(LANGERHANS cells)

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7
Q

Where are Langerhans Cells from? How do they function?

A

They migrate to the S. Spinousm from the bone marrow. They EAT pathogens and present their antigens to lymphocytes.

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8
Q

What is the structure of the desmosome? Why are they so strong?

A

INSIDE CELL: Keratin(intermediate) fillaments + Dense plaque—> OUTSIDE CELL: Cadherins. They link entire cytoskeletons

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9
Q

What are 4 characteristics of Langerhans (Dendritic) Cells?

A

1)Their processes(arms/fingers) 2)Indented Nucleus 3)BIRBECK granules (little dark lines) 4)NO desmosomes (they need to move!)

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10
Q

What are three main characteristics of S. Granulosum?

A

1)Stains darkly because of keratin GRANULES. 2)They produce glycolipids that waterproof and block nutrients. (Last living cells in this layer…They have to die soon!) 3) Only a FEW pyknotic cells are on top of layer

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11
Q

What comprises a keratin granule?

A

Protein filaments of the cytoskelton + keratin

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12
Q

Is the S. Lucidum seen better in thick skin or thin skin?

A

Thick skin

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13
Q

Why is the S. Lucidum bright and lucid? Do the keratinocytes of this layer have nuclei and organelle?

A

Its due to the coalescing keratin protein not staining well in this layer. NO MAS nuclei and organelles.

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14
Q

Approx. how many layers of dead keratinocytes are there in the S. Corneum? How long does it take for a keratinocyte to go from S. Basale to exfoliation from the S. Corneum?

A

Approx 30 Layers. It takes about 15-30 days.

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15
Q

What is the skin disease that causes keratinocyte proliferation and migration to the S. Corneum for exfoliation in only 7 days causing scaly skin/dandruff

A

Psoriasis

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16
Q

What is the theory behind wrinkling of skin in water?

A

1)To improve holding wet objects 2)INVOLVED in nervous system 3)blood vessels constrict below the skin.

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17
Q

What is the role of a lamellar body?

A

A lamellar body contains phospho and glycoplipids that produce a lipid barrier between Granulosum and Corneum.

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18
Q

What is the origin of the term S. Granulosum?

A

The Keratin Granules.

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19
Q

Describe the creation of a keratin granule

A

Begins as tonofillaments in the S. Basale—>Stay as tonofillaments/begin granule coalescence in S. Spinosum–>Being made and coalesced in the S. GRANULOSUM (named for these)

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20
Q

What is the autoimmune disease that targets desmosomes and hemidesmosomes? What is the physical manifestation?

A

PEMPHIGUS (antibodies cause the loss of adhesion of keratinocytes in the superficial layers). Blister patches (desmosomes) and bloody face guy (hemidesosomes).

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21
Q

What are the three immigrant cells of the epidermis? Where did they come from?

A

1)Melanocytes-fromNeural Crest, sit at S.BASALE 2)Langerhans Cells-bone marrow found in the s. spinosum 3)Merkel-Neural Crest-sensory receptors!

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22
Q

What substance do melanocytes create? What do they store and ship it in? And how do they put it into keratinocytes?

A

Melanocytes synthesize MELANIN (eumelnin & phaeomelanain). They store it in granules called MELANOSOMES. They give these melanosome to keratinocytes thru cytocrine injection (dendrites of the melanocyte ANNOYINGLY poke INTO neighboring cells).

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23
Q

Do darker skinned people have more melanocytes then lighter skinned people?

A

NO, they have a similar amount of melanocytes. The reason for the difference in color is due to the production/degredation of melanin/melanosomes.

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24
Q

What are the three pigments that contribute to skin color?

A

HEMOGLOBIN-red, blood can be seen thru the epidermis CAROTINE-yellow pigment in veggies(carrots). Found in S. Corneum and subcutaneous fat. MELANIN-polymer of amino acids

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25
Q

What are the two types of melanin? What colors do they project? What amino acids are they made from?

A

BLACK melanin=EUMELNIN=tyrosine; YELLOW/BROWN/RED melanin=tyrosine+cysteine=PHAEOMELANIN

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26
Q

What is a famous intermediate between tyrosine and melanin?

A

DOPA, in Parkinsons Substancia Nigra(DARK)

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27
Q

What are the FIRST 4 abnormal skin colors?

A

1)Cyanosis-Blue=oxygen deficiency 2)Erythema-Redness=dilation of skin vessels (ALL types, anger, burn, blushing) 3)Jaundice-yellowing=increase [billirubin] in blood 4)Addison’s Disease-Bronze=JFK! Increase in [ACTH] which stimulates melanocytes.

28
Q

What are SECOND 3 abnormal skin colors?

A

1)Albinism-genetic lack of melanin 2)Vitiligo-MICHAEL JACKSON-autoimmune&NeuralCrest Cells 3)Hematoma-bruise, clotted blood in the dermis and hypodermis

29
Q

What are 3 types of skin markings?

A

HE-MAN-GIOMAs (birthmarks)-benign tumors in the dermal blood capillaries FRECKLES-flat and MOLES-elevated

30
Q

What is the virus that causes the common wart?

A

Verruca Vulgaris

31
Q

What is a single palmar crease compared to the normal 2 creases?

A

A Simian Rice, I mean Crease.

32
Q

What are the cleavage lines that indicate the direction of collagen fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

Langer Lines

33
Q

What are the 5 types of sensory receptors in the integument?

A

1)Meissner Corpuscle 2)Merkel Cell 3)Free Nerve Endings 4)Ruffini End Organ-Pacininan Corpuscle 5)Peritrichial Nerve Ending

34
Q

What are the 4 main features of Meissners Corpuscles?

A

Fibrous CAPSULE around a nerve ending, LIGHT TOUCH, DERMAL PAPILLAE, VERMILLION zone

35
Q

What are the 4 main features of Merkel’s cells?

A

free nerve ending in MERKEL DISCs, basal epidermis, NON hairy skin, neurosecretory granules. Touching a coin!

36
Q

What is unique about free nerve endings?

A

Penetrate into Epidermis(only ones!), PAIN, HOT, COLD

37
Q

What distinguishes a PA-CHIN-IAN Corpuscle and Ruffini’s Corpuscles?

A

They are both wrapped in layers of flattened cells for a large field of sense. TICKLISH?? COOL histo pic

38
Q

What is unique about Peritrichal nerve endings?

A

They are on the hair bulb!

39
Q

What are the main two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary Layer-Nipple Tissue and Reticular Layer dense irregular connective tissue

40
Q

What are two common names for the hypodermis?

A

Subcutaneous tissue(& fat) & superficial fascia

41
Q

What are 2 functions of the hypodermis?

A

Energy Reservoir and Thermal Insulation, HIGHLY vascular (hence shot in the butt!)

42
Q

What are the 3 different body hair types?

A

LANUGO-fine fetal hair, VELLUS-fine unpigmented hair TERMINAL-coarse, long, pigmented

43
Q

What two glands are associated with hair follicles?

A

Apocrine Sweat and sebaceous oil

44
Q

What is the muscle that is attached to the hair? What is it stimulated by?

A

PILO-ERECTOR (arrector pili). Cold and Fear

45
Q

What are the three layers of the hair shaft? Which two are present above the skin?

A

Medulla, Cortex, and Cuticle. Cortex and Cuticle

46
Q

What are the 8 layers of the hair?

A

Medulla, Cortex, Cuticle, Inner Root Sheath, Outer Root Sheath, Glassy Membrane, Connective Tissue, Dermal Papilla

47
Q

What layer of the hair shaft yields hair color?

A

Melanin (mixtures of eumelanin & pheomealanin) in the CORTEX of the shaft

48
Q

What are the three stages of hair growth and rest? What percentage of hair follicles are in growth stage?

A

Growth 90% of hair on scalp. Shrinkage. Rest.

49
Q

What is thinning of hair and baldness in patches?

A

Alopecia

50
Q

What is excessive hair growth caused by hormone imbalance?

A

HIR-SU-TISM

51
Q

Which epidermal layer is the nail plate derived from?

A

S. Corneum-densely packed keratinocyes

52
Q

What is the formal name for the cuticle?

A

“E-PONY-SHE-UM” Eponychium

53
Q

Which epidermal layer is equivalent to the nail matrix?

A

S. Basale

54
Q

What is a lunule?

A

The crescent white formation at root or base of the nail. White c/o thick s. basale that obscures blood vessels from view.

55
Q

What layers of epidermis are represented in the nail bed?

A

All besides Corneum

56
Q

What are the 4 types of cutaneous glands?

A

Sweat, Sebaceous, Ceruminous, and Mammary

57
Q

What 3 things is sweat made from?

A

Blood plasma. Sodium salt. Urea.

58
Q

What two categories of secretion do sweat glands perform? What are their features?

A

Merocrine-millions to cool body Apocrine-fatty acids, only on hair SMELL bad “BRO-MID-ROSIS”

59
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete? What does it do? What is a common example?

A

Sebum-softens dead keratinocytes-LANOLIN”like the she ep’s wool??!”

60
Q

Where are Ceruminous Glands found? What does its secretion combine with to make a final product?

A

“SER-ROOM-IN-US” External Auditory Meatus-Ceruminous secretions + sebum=EARWAX

61
Q

What are the 3 types of skin cancer? What are their origins and their tx?

A

Basal Cell: S. Basale surgical removal/radiation-not as threatening, Squamous Cell: keratinocytes in the S. Spinosum-metastasis to lymph=leathal, and Melanoma:most deadly origin is melanocytes look for Asym, Border, Color, Diameter indicators

62
Q

What characterizes each degree of burn?

A

1st degree:Only epidermis 2nd:epidermis + part of dermis 3rd:both epidermis and dermis are destroyed

63
Q

What are the three factors of burns?

A

Time of exposure, temperature, and pressure

64
Q

Which carcinoma is associated with the wearing of sunscreen?

A

Basal cell. Too much time in sun & chemical by products of sunscreen thought to be factors

65
Q

What types of cells stimulate wound healing in the skin?

A

Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Platelets, and keratinocytes are involved in releasing growth factors.

Histology (8 decks)

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