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Bacteriology 2 > 5.11 Gram negative anaerobes: Fusobacterium necrophorum, Dichelobacter nodosus, and Mycoplasma spp. > Flashcards

5.11 Gram negative anaerobes: Fusobacterium necrophorum, Dichelobacter nodosus, and Mycoplasma spp. Flashcards

1
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum characteristics; shape, gram stain, aerobe/ anaerobe, habitat, type of pathogen and infections

A
  • Filamentous Gram-negative rods
  • Obligate anaerobes
  • Part of normal flora on mucous membranes, GI tract
  • Opportunistic, mixed infections
  • Disease often follows trauma to anatomical barriers
  • May co-occur with facultative anaerobes that help reduce the redox environment for their growth or have synergistic effects
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2
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum primary disease in cattle and symptoms? what other diseases and symptoms does it cause?

A
  • In cattle, it plays a primary role:
  • Calf diphtheria
    – Necrotic pharyngitis/laryngitis
    – If untreated may progress to fatal necrotizing pneumonia

Digital dermatitis (foot-rot in cattle):
-Synergism with Treponema spp.

Hepatic abscesses in cattle:
* Hepatic abscesses (called necrobacillosis)
* Secondary to ruminitis, common in feedlot animals, often no clinical signs
* High grain diet=> acidosis=> rumenitis=> invades to liver=> causes abscesses
* May rupture=> LPS=> endotoxemia=> sudden death

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3
Q

Nature of and pathogenesis of liver disease caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum in cattle

A
  • Hepatic abscesses (called necrobacillosis)
  • Secondary to ruminitis, common in feedlot animals, often no clinical signs
  • High grain diet=> acidosis=> rumenitis=> invades to liver=> causes abscesses
  • May rupture=> LPS=> endotoxemia=> sudden death
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4
Q

Primary causal agent of footrot in sheep? what other bacteria is involved?

A

Dichelobacter nodosus

  • F. necrophorum initiates the lesion but does not
    progress without a virulent strain of D. nodosus
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5
Q

Dichelobacter nodosus physical characteristics

A

Large rods with terminal swellings and long, polar fimbriae

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6
Q

Dichelobacter nodosus virulence factors

A

Virulence factors: fimbriae for adherence, proteases, elastases damage tissue

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7
Q

Dichelobacter nodosus possible disease association in cattle

A

possibly associated with digital dermatitis

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8
Q

what disease does Dichelobacter nodosus cause in sheep?

A

ovine footrot

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9
Q

what is the pathogenesis of ovine footrot? Essential pathogen

A

skin damage
> interdigital dermatitis
> virulent dichelobacter nodosus
> footrot w/ F. necrophorum and other bacteria

D. nodosus: essential pathogen for underrunning footrot to develop

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10
Q

Dichelobacter nodosus; aerobe or anaerobe? virulent or benign?

A
  • Anaerobic
  • Virulent or benign
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11
Q

Dichelobacter nodosus can only grow on what culture medium? how is it prepared?

A

hoof agar

-feet collected at abbatoir, boiled, separated…hoof powder made

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12
Q

physical characteristics of mycoplasma; size, genome, cell structure, habitat

A
  • Smallest free-living bacteria; 0.3 μm diameter, small genome
  • Lack cell wall (Don’t stain Gram)
  • Obligate parasites (extracellular)
  • Poor environmental survival
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13
Q

transmission of mycoplasma

A
  • Infection mainly by close contact of animals (aerosols on short distances)
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14
Q

anatomic locations where mycoplasma causes disease

A
  • Diseases mostly localized (respiratory tract ++++, genital tract +, conjunctiva +, udder+, sometimes septicemia)
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15
Q

what species does mycoplasma infect? is it often diagnosed and why?

A
  • Affect many animal species
  • Very fastidious => often underdiagnosed
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16
Q

how many species of mycoplasma are there? are they pathogens or commensals?

A

> 100 species
Pathogens and commensals

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17
Q

important way that mycoplasma leads to disease

A

causes predisposition to “secondary bacterial infections”

18
Q

important mycoplasma disease that infects poultry and other birds

A

M. gallisepticum

19
Q

clinical disease caused by M. gallisepticum in chickens and turkeys

A

Chicken: Chronic Respiratory
Turkey: Infectious Sinusitis

20
Q

Mycoplasma gallisepticum; how is it transmitted, how does infection progress through the body, who becomes a carrier, is it easy to differentiate from other mycoplasma?

A
  • Most pathogenic avian mycoplasma
  • Vertical (egg-transmitted) & horizontal transmission
  • Infects conjunctive and nasal passages first, may progress to bronchi & lungs
  • Infected animals are carriers for life
  • Must differentiate from commensal mycoplasmas
21
Q

Most pathogenic avian mycoplasma

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

22
Q

How does Mycoplasma gallisepticum cause disease?

A
  1. vertical or horizontal transmission
  2. localize in the epithelium of respiratory tract
  3. bacteremia
  4. irritation and damage to epithelial lining of respiratory system (tracheitis, loss of cilia)
  5. pneumonia/ ovary infection
  6. clinical signs/lesions
    >loss of production
    >morbidity
    >mortality
23
Q

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes what disease in pigs? symptoms and character of the disease?

A

Enzootic pneumonia

  • Chronic anteroventral bronchopneumonia of pigs,
    common
  • Adheres ciliated epithelium bronchi, bronchioles
  • Infection ciliated epithelium persists months
  • Predisposes to secondary bacterial infections; impairs bacterial clearance
24
Q

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; how is it spread?

A
  • Mostly spread by direct contact, aerosols
  • Acquired from sow, spread in weaner-grower pigs
25
Q

control and treatment of M. hyopneumoniae in pigs

A
  • Monitoring at slaughter or serologically, herd biosecurity
  • Alternatively, immunization
  • Alternatively, deal with secondary bacterial infections
26
Q

Mycoplasma bovis clinical diseases in cattle

A

Pneumonia, arthritis, mastitis

27
Q

Mycoplasma bovis habitat in the bovine, and what diseases it causes

A
  • Habitat URT, genital tract or udder
  • Bronchopneumonia, 50% lungs in cattle with feedlot pneumonia (“BRDC”)
    – Increasingly important in recent years
  • Mastitis: Highly infectious/transmissible in large herds, gland fibrosis, purulent plugs
  • Arthritis: concurrent with pneumonia, mastitis
28
Q

How does Mycoplasma bovis cause disease?

A

-M. bovis infects the respiratory tract
-moves into bronchioles
-adheres to bronchiolar epithelium
>absorption of nutrients and production of oxidants
-invades into the epithelium
>deciliation and cell injury with inflammatory response

29
Q

lung lesions we would find on necropsy after M. bovis infection

A

foci of caseous necrotic lesions

30
Q

Mycoplasma species in dogs and cats and clinical disease. character of infections?

A

dogs: M. cynos
>Pneumonia/kennel cough

cats: M. felis
>Conjunctivitis, upper respiratory tract disease

Usually chronic infections

31
Q

how to diagnose mycoplasma infection in dogs and cats

A

Diagnostics: PCR (PCR panels usually include M. cynos or M. felis

32
Q

treatment of mycoplasma in dogs and cats

A

Treatment: doxycycline (often disappointing)

33
Q

The role of Mycoplasma in kennel cough? what species of mycoplasma

A

often associated with kennel cough (co-infections)
-associated with more severe signs

  • Mycoplasma cynos and Mycoplasma canis: both species are significantly associated with disease
  • Young age is the most important predictor of disease severity
34
Q

Haemotropic Mycoplasmas; previous classification, cell structure

A
  • Previously Rickettsia but have been re-classified as Mycoplasma – No cell wall
35
Q

Haemotropic Mycoplasmas; diagnosis

A
  • Typically require blood smears or PCR-based tests for diagnosis
36
Q

Haemotropic Mycoplasmas; disease, and who becomes a carrier

A
  • Cause anemia with variable severity
  • Even after treatment, animals may remain carriers and infection can recrudesce
37
Q

Haemotropic Mycoplasmas of the various species

A

– Dogs: M. haemocanis
– Cats: M. haemofelis
– Camelids: M. haemolamae
– Pigs: M. suis
– Small ruminants: Mycoplasma ovis – Cattle: M. wenyonii

38
Q

what pathogen causes feline infectious anemia

A

M. haemofelis

39
Q

M. haemofelis in cats; what disease, symptoms, disease character, when to consider

A
  • Previously known as hemobartonellosis
  • M. haemofelis can also cause anemia in immunocompentant cats
  • Incubation 2-30d → anemia for 3-4 weeks → some animals are chronically infected with normal PCV
  • Consider in any anemic cat with evidence of regeneration
40
Q

M. haemofelis: Feline Infectious Anemia treatment

A
  • Treatment: doxycyline (or enrofloxacin), may need to transfuse

Bacteriology 2 (10 decks)

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