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Bacteriology 2 > 5.10 Spirochaetales > Flashcards

5.10 Spirochaetales Flashcards

1
Q

Spirochaetales 4 genera

A

-Leptospira
-Borrelia
-Treponema: bovine digital dermatitis, ovine footrot
-Brachyspira: swine dysentery

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2
Q

physical characteristics of spirochaetales; shape, flagellum, movement, stain

A
  • Slender, helically coiled, spiral organisms
  • Wrapped around internalized flagellum
  • Move corkscrew, flexing or serpentine
  • Don’t stain well with Gram stain
  • Use dark field or silver stain
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3
Q

what results would we see on a biochem test if we have a leptospirosis infection?

A
  • Elevated creatinine, and blood urea
  • Elevated creatine phosphokinase, muscle enzymes
  • Elevated bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase
  • Bruno has acute renal failure and hepatitis
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4
Q

clinical signs of leptospirosis in dogs

A

-fever
-decreased appetite
-weakness or reluctance to move from pain
-diarrhea
-increased drinking
-jaundice

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5
Q

leptospira characteristics; aerobe/anaerobe, shape, special features, growth medium, classification, pathogenicity

A
  • Aerobic spirochetes
  • Hooked ends (interrogation mark = interrogans old name)
  • Grow in semi-solid rich media 10-14 days (or much longer)
  • Dark field, FA, not Gram
  • Classification: >60 species, then serovars
  • Some species are pathogens, some are non-pathogenic (environmental) and some intermediate
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6
Q

why was leptospira previously known as interrogans

A

it has hooked ends that look like question marks

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7
Q

what classifications are there for leptospira hosts? how long does it stay in each and where?

A

-maintenance hosts: different serovars adapted to animal reservoir
> Characteristically lifetime, kidney (+ genital tract) carriage

-non-maintenance (“accidental” = “incidental”) hosts: a few weeks in kidneys

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8
Q

where in the body does leptospira live? how does it leave?

A
  • Home: proximal convoluted tubule of kidney=> shed urine
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9
Q

where do leptospira live in the environment?

A

– Fastidious bacteria
– survive only in wet (moist),
– warm environments 4-6 weeks; “fall fever”, “mud fever”

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10
Q

what are environmental sources of infection of leptospira?

A

contaminated:
-water
-mud
-soil

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11
Q

what creatures are resistant to disease caused by leptospira? what animals are susceptible?

A

resistant:
-rodents
-cats

susceptible:
-dogs
-guinea pigs
-cattle
-horses
-sheep
-humans

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12
Q

what animals are chronically colonized with leptospira and commonly contaminate the environment?

A

rodents; mice, rats

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13
Q

peracute signs of leptospirosis infection

A

DIC, hemorrahages, haemoglobinuria, death

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14
Q

acute/ subacte signs of leptospirosis infection

A

Fever, hepatitis, nephritis, abortion (mastitis)

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15
Q

chronic signs of leptospirosis infection

A

Abortion; chronic nephritis (pig, dog); recurrent uveitis (horses) Infertility pigs, cattle??

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16
Q

subclinical signs of leptospirosis infection

A

Antibody rise only (or mild ‘flu-like illness)

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17
Q

leptospira serovars that infect pigs and their symptoms

A

pomona: Abortion; chronic nephritis

bratislava: small litters, stillbirth, infertility

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18
Q

leptospira serovars that infect cattle and their symptoms

A

pomona: abortion, haemoglobinuria, mastitis

hardjo: abortion, stillborn, weak calves; mastitis

19
Q

leptospira serovars that infect horses and their symptoms

A

pomona: abortion; recurrent uveitis (periodic ophthalmia)

20
Q

leptospira serovars that infect dogs and their symptoms

A

canicola: acute or chronic renal failure (interstitial nephritis)

grippotyphosa, pomona: fever, hepatitis, acute renal failure

21
Q

parts of the horse affected most by leptospira

A

-eyes
-kidneys
-female repro tract

22
Q

how do we diagnose leptospirosis?

A

-Serology using paired serum samples
> Microscopic Agglutination Test
» Can be hard to interpret

-SNAP test: detect IgM

-PCR: both blood and urine

23
Q

control of leptospirosis

A
  • Vaccines work well
  • Vector control

-yearly vaccination can stop cycle

24
Q

treatment for leptospirosis

A
  • Treatment: Doxycycline (2 weeks), ampicillin
25
Q

symptoms of borrelia infection

A

-dull, depressed, anorexic, dislikes exercise
-lameness, swollen joints

26
Q

what bacteria causes lyme disease?

A

borrelia

27
Q

physical characteristics of borrelia; gram stain, shape

A
  • Gram-negative spiral shape, rods
28
Q

what creature spreads borrelia?

A
  • Arthropod infections (many tick-borne)
29
Q

most significant borrelia organism in canada?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi most significant in Canada

30
Q

what is the geographical region where borrelia is an issue?

A

Problem in eastern, central, western US associated with resurgent deer populations (source of food for adult ticks)

31
Q

vector for berrelia burgdorferi

A
  • Ixodes scapularis: (black-legged “deer” tick) in eastern/central USA
  • Ixodes pacificus in western US, SW British Columbia
32
Q

main host of Borrelia burgdorferi? what is a major source for adult ticks? where?

A

Main host white-footed mouse, many bird species:
persistently bacteremic

  • Deer major source adult ticks
  • Populations along north shore lakes Erie and Ontario, dramatic recent increase in Thousand Islands area, spreading
33
Q

life cycle of Ixodes scapularis

A
  1. adult females drop off host to lay eggs
  2. eggs hatch into six-legged larvae
  3. larvae attach to and feed on first host and may acquire B. burgdorferi
  4. larvae molt into nymphs after leaving first host
    >infected nymphs feed on humans, transmitting B. burgdorferi
  5. nymphs attach to and feed on second host and may acquire B. burgdorferi
  6. nymphs molt into adults leaving second host
    >infected adults feed on dogs and sometimes humans, transmitting B. burgdorferi
  7. adults attach to the third host for feeding and mating
34
Q

how is borrelia burgdorferi spread to animals and people?

A
  • Spread to animals and people from nymphal and adult tick bite (although adult noticed early and often removed before transmission occurs)
35
Q

signs of Borrelia burgdorferi in people

A

In people chronic erythematous skin rash (not always!), followed by fever, muscle and joint ache, meningitis
* Weeks or months later:
-peripheral neuropathy, arthritis, myocarditis

36
Q

symptoms of Borrelia burgdorferi for dogs

A
  • Dogs: fever, anorexia, arthritis; protein-losing glomerulopathy; rarely progressive renal failure
37
Q

symptoms of B. burgdorferi in horses

A
  • Horses: arthritis, uveitis, encephalitis

-neuroborreliosis: a rare form of Lyme disease that can present as fever, muscle wasting, difficulty eating, skin sensitivity, and other neurologic signs

38
Q

is lyme disease easy to diagnose in horses?

A

not easy

-clinical signs are often vague and are similar to signs caused by other diseases

39
Q

can an infection of Lyme disease from a horse be passed to other animals?

A

no, the horse is a dead end host
- cannot pass the infection to horses or other animals

40
Q

how do we diagnose and infection of B. burgdorferi?

A
  • Diagnosis: history, clinical signs + serology (SNAP test)

Why is PCR not commonly used?
* Difficulty diagnosing in endemic areas since subclinical infection (exposure) common

41
Q

can we use PCR to diagnose B. burgdorferi? why?

A

PCR not commonly used
* Difficulty diagnosing in endemic areas since subclinical infection (exposure) common

42
Q

how do we control B. burgdorferi?

A

Vaccine for dogs in endemic areas
(antigenic variants issue, and short-lasting vaccine antibody)

43
Q

What is the habitat of the black legged tick?

A

wooded, brushy areas

Bacteriology 2 (10 decks)

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