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Biology# > 5.1.1&Chapter 13 neuronal communication > Flashcards

5.1.1&Chapter 13 neuronal communication Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A
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2
Q

What is homestasis controlled by?

A

Hormonal and neuronal commnication

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3
Q

Nervous pathway

A

receptor- sensory neuron -CNS (relay neuron)- motor neurons- effect

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4
Q

Genenrla structures of the neurones

A

Dendron
Cell body
Axon
Myelin sheath

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5
Q

What is a dendron

A

sends impulses to cell body

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6
Q

What is a cell body

A

releases neurotransmitters

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7
Q

What is axon

A

long straight structure after cell body, sends impulses away from cell body

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8
Q

What is a myelin sheath

A

Layers of plasma membranes (lipids), actas as a insulation layer, speads up rate of nervous trasnmission

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9
Q

SENSORY NEURONE STRUCTURE

A

small cell body in the middle

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10
Q

What is a node of Ranvier

A

gaps between the myelin sheath

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11
Q

what part of the neuron can action potential happen

A

action potential can only happen in the node of Ranvier so it speeds up reaction quicker

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12
Q

MOTOR NEURONE STRUCTURE

A

large cell body at the start

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13
Q

REALY NEURONE

A

a lot smaller and cell body in the middle, branches on either side , dendrites receiving info from sensory neurone , axon giving information to the next

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14
Q

MYELIN SHEATH

A

-acts as a insulating layer
-speeds up nerve impulse transmission (saltatory conduction) at nodes of Ranvier

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15
Q

What cell produces myelin sheath

A

Schwann cell (purple)

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16
Q

Why don’t motor neurons have dendrons

A
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17
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A
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18
Q

What are sensory receptors

A

specific , 1 receptor = 1 stimulus

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19
Q

Types of sensory receptors

A

-chemoreceptor (chemicals EG: smell or taste)
-osmoreceptors
-mechanoreceptors (pressure and movement)
-thermoreceptors (on tongue and skin - temp)
-photoreceptors (lights Eg:retena )

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20
Q

Receptors act as transducers, What are transducers

A

turn stimulus to a electrical impulse, this is known as a generator potential , impulse is generated and initiated , now action potential can happen

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21
Q

What type of receptor is a pasilian corpuscle

A

mechanoreceptor

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22
Q

PC

A

sensory neuron ending inside , surface of sensory neuron we have stretch mediated sodium ion channels (sensitive towards any changes in their physical structure and only sodium can diffuse across)

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23
Q

resting potential

A

stretched mediated sodium ion Channels are closed

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24
Q

What is polarized?

A

More positive on the outside than the inside (NA+)

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25
Q

AFTER pressure on PC

A

when pressure applied, physically changing shape of PC, neuromembrane is naturally stretched, sodium channels are stretched open , NA+
diffuse into the neuron this depolarized the membrane and initiates a generator potential), when enough NA+ are in, it will trigger an action potential along the sensory neuron

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26
Q

Resting potential

A

Every single cell in our body has a polarized membrane (uneven distribution of ions in our cell membrane),

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27
Q

What is a resting potential

A

state at ehich the cell mebrane can be stimulated

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28
Q

What does the membrane do to matinaing a resting potential

A
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29
Q

What does the membrane do to maintaining a resting potential

A

1- sodium - potassium ion pump, carrier protein, requires energy , 3NAout and 2K in
2- Voltage gated sodium channel is closed
3- K+ channel is open (mainly non voltage)
4- Negative ions stay permanently with cell, this results in a generally negative charge inside cell hence the membrane is generally at a -70mV

active transport

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30
Q

Action potential

A

cell is being used

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31
Q

Parts to action potential

A

depolarization
- Before negative charge inside and constantly removal of + charge
-Receptors receive a single, sodium channels will detect that, get energy from the stimulus ,

once channels open, NA+ channels open and sodium come back in
increase of NA+ inside and reaches threshold potential -55, stimulate more voltage gated sodium channels to open, a lot more sodium come in

now we have a positive charge inside and a negative charged outside (+40Mv) - this is depolarization, sodium channels now close , voltage gated K+ channels open at +40mv

we can now regenrated the concnetartion of the ions across the mebrane

Now it has to repolarize for another signal coming in

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32
Q

What is hyperpolarization

A

potential difference is lower than resting potential (lower than -7mv)

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33
Q

Synapses

A
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34
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Junction between two neuron, transmit signal by neurotransmitters…. load of vesicles of neurotransmitters

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35
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A

-Excitatory
-Inhibitory

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36
Q

Structures of a presynaptic neurone

A

pre synaptic neuron (where the impulse comes in)

they have voltage gated calcium ion(2+) channels

have vesicles that contain ACH

ACH first diffuses then
bind to receptors which causing the postsynaptic NA+ channels open, nA+ diffuse into the neuron

A new action potential now occurs on the post synaptic neuron

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37
Q

How does the ACH travel through the middle

A

diffusion across the gap

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38
Q

We do not ACH to stay stuck on the receptors, we dont want a contiuos relfux, sesiures , what do we do to stop?

A

We need to break ACH down, relies on a enzyme called AchE, one of the most efficient enzymes, fast reaction rate, broken down into do parts , choline and acetate, diffuse back to the pre synaptic where there are mitochondria, these mitochondria would do areboic repsiraion to relases ATP , ATP can combine A and C back to ACH

39
Q

Roles of synapses

A

-Unidirectional transmission = nerve impulses is always one direction

-can cause multiple responses from one stimulus

-can receive multiple stimuli for one response

40
Q

NEW 5.1.1

A
41
Q

the need for communication systems in multicellular organisms:

A

responding to their enviornment

42
Q

How do animals increase there chance of survival by responding to changes in their external environment?

A

by avoiding harmful environment places such as places that are too hot or too cold

43
Q

How do animals increase there chance of survival by responding to changes in their internal environment?

A

to make sure that their conditions are always optimal for their metabolism

44
Q

what is the definition of a stimulus?

A

Any change in the internal or external environment

45
Q

How do plants increase their chance of survival by responding to changes in the environment?

A

1- They sense the direction of light and grow towards it to maximize light absorption
2- They can sense gravity so their roots and shoots grow in the right direction
3- Climbing plants have a sense of touch so they can find things to climb and reach the sunlight

46
Q

What do receptors do?

A

detect stimuli

47
Q

What do effectors do?

A

cells that produce a response to a stimulus

48
Q

What are the 2 different types of receptors we can have?

A

1- some receptors are cells- that connect to the nervous system
2- some receptors are proteins- found in the cell membranes

49
Q

Example of a receptor cell

A

Photoreceptors

50
Q

Example of a receptor protein

A

glucose receptors

51
Q

What communication happens to produce a response?

A

To produce a response, receptors need to communicate with effectors and effectors need to communicate with other cells

52
Q

How does the communication between receptors and effectors happen?

A

via cell signaling

53
Q

What does the communication between receptors and effectors make sure about organs?

A

Makes sure that the activities of different organs are coordinated to ensure that the organism is working effectively.

54
Q

What are adjacent cells?

A

Nearby cells

55
Q

What can cell signaling occur between?

A

between adjacent or between distant cells depending on the “system”

56
Q

Example of signaling between adjacent cells

A

cells in the nervous system communicate by secreting chemicals called neurotransmitters which send signals to adjacent cells such as other nerve cells or muscle cells

57
Q

Example of signaling between distant cells

A

The hormonal system works by cells releasing chemicals called hormones which travel in the blood and act as signals to distant cells

58
Q

What do cell surface receptors do?

A

Allows cells to recognize the chemicals involved in cell signaling

59
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

The mechanism that stores the level to normal is called a negative feedback mechanism

60
Q

does homeostasis respond by negative feedback or positive and why?

A

Negative feedback because it restores levels in our body to normal level EG: water , glucose and temperature

61
Q

What do homeostatic systems involve?

A

receptors, communication system and effectors

62
Q

How does communication happen (the order)?

A

Receptors detect when a level is too high or too low, then the information is communicated via the nervous or hormonal system to effectors

63
Q

What does an effectors response do?

A

It counteracts the change bringing levels back to normal

64
Q

What limits does negative feedback have?

A

Negative feedback only works between certain limits , if the change is too big then the effectors may NOT be able to counteract the change

65
Q

What does positive feedback do?

A

amplifies the change

66
Q

What happens during positive feedback to do with the effectors?

A

The effectors respond to further increase the level away from the normal level

67
Q

Is positive feedback involved in homeostasis and why?

A

Positive feedback is not involved in homeostasis because it doesn’t keep your internal environments constant

68
Q

What can positive feedback be used for?

A

Useful to rapidly activate something EG: a blood clot after an injury

69
Q

Ex

A
70
Q

What are the 2 terms animals can be classed as depending on how they control their body temperature?

A
  • Ectotherms
  • Endotherms
71
Q

What are examples of an ectotherm?

A

Reptiles and fish

72
Q

What are examples of an endotherm?

A

Mammals and birds

73
Q

What is one difference between ectotherms and endotherms in how they control their body temperature?

A

Ectotherms can not control their body temperature internally

Endotherms can control their body temperature internally

74
Q

What is one similarity between ectotherms and endotherms in how they control their body temperature?

A

Ectotherms and endotherms can control their temperature by behavior Eg: by finding shade or reptiles can gain heat by basking in the sun

75
Q

What does ectotherms internal temperature depend on?

A

Depends on the external temperature (their surroundings)

76
Q

What does ectotherms activity level depend on?

A

The external temperature , they’re more active at high temperatures and less active at lower temperatures

77
Q

What is ectotherms metabolic rate like and how does that effect how they generate heat and how much heat?

A

Have a variable metabolic rate and generate very little heat themselves

78
Q

What does endotherms internal temperature depend on?

A

Their temperature is less affected by the external environment (within certain limits)

79
Q

What does endotherms activity level depend on?

A

largely INDEPENDANT of the external temperature, they can be active at any temperature (within certain limits)

80
Q

What is endotherms metabolic rate like and how does that effect how they generate heat and how much heat?

A

They have a constantly high metabolic rate and generate a lot of heat from metabolic reactions

81
Q

What part of the brain is used to control body temperature in mammals?

A

Hypothalamus

82
Q

mechanisms that mammals have to REDUCE body temp (body temp is too hot)

A

1- sweating
2- Hairs lie flat
3- vasodilation =

83
Q

mechanisms that mammals have to INCREASE body temp (body temp is too cold)

A

1- Shivering
2- Hairs stand up
3- Vasoconstriction
4- Hormones
5- Much less sweat

84
Q
A
85
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86
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87
Q
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88
Q
A
89
Q
A
90
Q
A
91
Q
A
92
Q

How does the hypothalamus control body temperature?

A

Receives information about temperature from thermoreceptors (temperature receptors)

93
Q

What are the two different types of thermoreceptors and what is the difference between the 2 and where can they be found ?

A

1- Thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the internal temperature (temperature of the blood)

2- Thermoreceptors in the skin (called PERIPHERAL TEMPERATURE RECEPTORS) detect external temperature (temperature of the skin)

*PERIPHERAL meaning = located near a surface

94
Q

What happens when thermoreceptors detect a stimulus?

A

Thermoreceptors send impulses along sensory neurons to the hypothalamus which sends impulses along motor neurons to effectors

Biology# (23 decks)

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