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A-Level Geography - Hazards > 5.10 - Fires in nature > Flashcards

5.10 - Fires in nature Flashcards

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1
Q

What climate do firestorms form?

A

Mediterranean style climate

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2
Q

Name the 4 types of wildfires

A

Surface
Ground
Crown
Urban

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3
Q

Describe surface fires

A

Most common and burn along forest floor
900oc
Easy to control

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4
Q

Describe ground fires

A

Burn organic matter in soil (peat)
Spread slowly for a long time
540oc

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5
Q

Describe crown fires

A

Burn through canopy and spreads up trunk
1100oc
Intense and hard to contain

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6
Q

Describe urban firestorms

A

Happens in urban area

Fire used in the war

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7
Q

What increases the spread of a fire (5)

A 
Wind speed
Wind direction
Humidity
Topography
Organic fuel availability
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8
Q

How does wind speed impact rate at which a fire spread?

A

↑ wind speed = ↑ oxygen available and less moisture

Blow upwards = crown fire so dangerous

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9
Q

How does wind direction impact rate at which a fire spread?

A

Push flame towards fuel

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10
Q

How does humidity rate at which a fire spread?

A

Decrease water levels

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11
Q

How does topography impact rate at which a fire spread?

A

Heat rises so spreads quicker uphill

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12
Q

How does organic fuel availability impact rate at which a fire spread?

A

Feeds the fire

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13
Q

Case studies used for wildfires

A

2015 California, USA (HIC)

2015 South East Asian Haze (LIC)

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14
Q

Primary impacts California wildfires (5)

A

Environmental
11 million acres burnt

Social
2,500 people evacuated
9 dead (2 firemen and 7 civilians)
1400 homes destroyed

Economic
$100 million damage

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15
Q

Secondary impacts California wildfires

A

People relocated
High levels of pollution
Habitats destroyed

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16
Q

Immediate responses California wildfires

A

3700+ firefighters
340+ fire engines and 19 helicopters
3 millions of water used

17
Q

Long term responses California wildfires

A

Build houses

18
Q

SE Asian Haze facts

A

Caused by slash and burn
Pollution of 401
Mainly Indonesia

19
Q

Primary impacts SE Asian Haze wildfires (2)

A

Primary impacts SE Asian Haze wildfires (2)

20
Q

Secondary impacts SE Asian Haze wildfires (2)

A

500,000 respiratory infections
100,000+ premature deaths
$47b in damage
28 million people effected

21
Q

Immediate responses SE Asian Haze wildfires

A

3700 soldiers and 8000 police
School closures
Cloud seeding
Smart masks for elderly (29,000)

22
Q

Long term responses SE Asian Haze wildfires

A

Restore degraded wetland
Care packages
Education on prevention

23
Q

3 positive impacts of wildfires

A

Remove dead material
Increase sunlight and release nutrients
Pyrophitic plants need fire to reproduce

24
Q

5 negative impacts of wildfires

A 
Natural ecosystem cycles disrupted
Extinction
Ash destroys soil structures
Reduce rainfall interception
Global warming
25
Q

Conditions needed for a tropical storm to form (6)

A 
Sea temp above 27oc
Water column bellow surface 60m in depth
Converging winds
Humidity above 60%
No vertical winds
Coriolis effect
26
Q

Which direction to winds travel (typhoons)

A

Westward so easterly winds

27
Q

3 ways to predict wildfires

A

Satellites monitor high pressure that dries vegetation

Weather stations monitor the temperature, humidity

28
Q

3 ways to prevent wildfires

A

Don’t have large wood stores near the house
Advertising campaign o educate people
Fireproof homes

29
Q

3 ways to plan for wildfires

A

Stock pile food and water
Evacuation routes
Fire rangers to patrol areas

30
Q

What is a canadair

A

Plane that flies over lakes to collect water

31
Q

What is used to measure humidity

A

Hygrometer

32
Q

Apart from Canadairs, what else is used to release water on trees

A

Sillars sky crane

A-Level Geography - Hazards (7 decks)

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