5.0 Biomechanical Movement

Question 1

What does linear motion mean

Answer 1

Motion in a straight or curved line with all body parts moving the same distance at the same speed in the same direction.

Question 2

What are Newton’s 3 laws

Answer 2

-1st law of inertia
-2nd law of acceleration
-3rd law of action-reaction

Question 3

What is Newton’s first law

Answer 3

Law of inertia
Inertia is the resistance as object has to change it’s state of motion
-If an object is stationary or moving in one direction it will continue to do so unless an external force is acted upon itn
-the larger the mass the larger the inertia so the bigger the external force has to be to change it’s state of motion.

Eg eg rugby tackle if your intertia is bigger than the guy you’re tackling they will fall.

Question 4

What is Newton’s second law

Answer 4

Law of acceleration (Force = mass x acceleration)

The magnitude (size) and direction of the force applied to the body determines the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the body.
-the rate of acceleration directly proportional to the force causing it.

Eg tennis player has to exert large force on the ball so that it accelerates over the net in the direction the force has been applied.
The harder the ball is hit the further and faster it will go

Question 5

What is Newton’s third law

Answer 5

Law of motion
For every action (force) there is am equal and opposite reaction (force)

Eg at the sprint start the athlete pushes back on the blocks as hard as possible (action) and the block pushed forward onto the athlete (reaction) which provides forward acceleration for the athlete

Question 6

What is angular motion

Answer 6

Movement of a body or body part in a circular motion around an axis

Question 7

What is a scalar quantity
What is vector

Answer 7

Scalor - magnitude eg speed, distance, mass
Vector - magnitude and direction

Question 8

Equation for speed

Answer 8

Speed (m/s) = distance(m) / time taken(s)

             Distance Speed.                       Time 

STD

Question 9

What is centre of mass
Line of gravity
Base of support

Answer 9

Centre of mass- The point of balance

Line of gravity- line downwards from centre of mass

Base of support - between your feet on the ground

Question 10

Factors effecting stability

Answer 10

-Heigh of centre of mass- lower COM will increase stability
-Line of gravity directly over base of support for best balance
-wide base of support = more stable ( unstable narrow or no base of support)
-mass of performer the greater the mass the more stable cause of ^ inertia

Question 11

What are the three components of a lever

Answer 11

Fulcrum- point where the lever rotates
Load (Resistance)- weight to be moved by the lever
Effort- force applied by muscle

Question 12

How to remember the levels

Answer 12

F. 1. - fulcrum in the middle
L. 2. -load(resistance) in the middle
E. 3. -effort in the middle

Question 13

First class lever

Answer 13

. ⬇️
Load. . Fulcrum. . Effort
⬇️ 🔼

Fulcrum between the effort and load
Elbow extension eg tricep dips and dumbell tricep extensions

Question 14

Second class lever

Answer 14

Fulcrum. Load. ⬆️
🔼 ⬇️ Effort

-load in between the fulcrum and effort
-ankle eg calf raises
-has a mechanical advantage

Question 15

Third class lever

Answer 15

Load ⬆️. Fulcrum
⬇️. Effort 🔼

Effort in between load and fulcrum
-most common
-allows speed and range of movement
-knew flexion and extension , elbow flexion, hip, shoulder etc
-has mechanical disadvantage

Question 16

What is mechanical advantage and disadvantage and what level systems have them

Answer 16

Mechanical advantage- effort arm is longer than its load arm so can lift more load with less effort. (Second class lever)

Mechanical disadvantage- load arm longer than effort arm so need more effort to lift load (third class lever)

Question 17

Two functions of lever systems

Answer 17

-to apply force to an object
-the move the load a greater distance

Question 18

Mechanical advantage in take off in long jump (second class lever)

Answer 18

The effort produced by the muscle although relatively small is able to drive the full body weight of the athlete off the ground.

Question 19

Summary of levers

Answer 19

1st class- (load. Fulcrum. Effort). Elbow extension Eg tricep dips

2nd class-(fulcrum. Load Effort) Ankle eg calf raises (mechanical advantage)
^ effort arm longer than load arm so lift more with less effort

3rd class- load. Effort. Fulcrum) knee extension& flexion, elbow flexion, hip etc
^ mechanical disadvantage load arm longer than effort arm so need more effort to lift load.
But good range of movement and speed

Question 20

Practice question- using Newton’s second law explain how a runner would accelerate towards finish line

Answer 20

Force = mass x acceleration
Mass of runner stays constant so have to apply a greater force to the ground to increase acceleration.

Question 21

Practice question- Analyse how the musculoskeletal-skeletal system and levers operate at the knee and ankle of high jump take off

Answer 21

Knee extension (third class level) - mechanical disadvantage but good for range of movement and speed
Load. Effort. Fulcrum
Muscles -Quads and hamstrings
Bones -Tibia femur and fibula

Planter flexion at ankle (second class lever) mechanical advantage allowing to life up whole body with relatively small effort from gastrocnemius muscle in the calf.
Fulcrum. Load. Effort

To increase height and speed plyometric training