2.0 Skill Aquisition Flashcards
What are characteristics of a skill
-Aesthetically pleasing- looks good
-consistant- high success rate
-fluent and efficient - perform skill with minimal energy with high success
-accurate - eg penality taker aiming for goal
What is a skill
The learned ability to bring about predetermined results
What are the different types of skills
Open skill
Closed skill
Gross skill
Fine skill
Self-paced skill
Externally-paced skill
What are open and closed skills
Open- unpredictable environment eg goal keeper
Closed - predictable environment eg javlin
What are gross and fine skills
Gross- large muscle groups eg rugby tackle
Fine- small muscle groups, used for fine precise movements eg darts
What at self-paced and externally-paced skills
Self-paced- you control start and speed of skill eg high jump
Externally-paced- outside force controls start and speed eg rugby
What is a discrete skill
Skill with a clear beginning and end eg tennis serve
What is a continuous skill
Skill without a clear beginning or end eg cycling
What is a serial skill
Skill that contains several discrete skills to make a movement eg dance routine or triple jump
What is a low-orgniased skill
What is a high-orgamises skill
Low-Can be easily split into sub-routines eg swimming stroke
High- can not be easily broken down so practised in its entirety eg golf swing
What does transfer of learning mean
Transfer- effect of learning one skill on the learning of another
What is positive and negative transfer
Positive- learning of one skill helps the learning of another eg netbakk and basketball pass
Negative- learning of one skill hinders the learning of another eg tennis and badminton serve
What is zero transfer
What is bilateral transfeen
Zero transfer - learning of one skill doesn’t effect the learning of another eg boxing kick and netball thrown
Bilateral transfer- learning of one skill is passed across the body from one limb to the other eg left hook and right hook
What are the different methods of presenting practice
Whole practice-
Whole part whole -
Progressive part practice
What is whole practice
When is it used
✅ and ❌
-Skill practiced in its entirety
Uses when skill is- discrete, self-paced,simple,high organised,closed, fast
✅-flency, develop kinesthesis, not time consuming
❌- fatigue, not for beginners no time for feedback
Eg tennis serve, golf swing
What is whole part whole practice
When is it used
❌ and ✅
Do whole task identify weakness, work on it then perform it all together.
Used when skill is: complex, fast
✅- improve weakness
❌- time consuming
Eg somersault
What is progressive past
When is it used
✅ and ❌
Practice first part of skill and gradually add others
Used when skill is- low-organised, serial, complex,
✅- reduce fatigue, perfect each part,
❌- time consuming
What are the different types of practice
Massed practice
Distributed practice
Varied practice
Mental practice
What is masses practice when is it used
✅ and ❌
No rest intervals
Used when skill is: highly organised, self-paced, simple, discrete, closed
✅- improve fitness,not time consuming,
❌- no time for feedback, fatigue
Eg- basket ball player practising free throw
What is distributed practice when is it used
✅ and ❌
Rest intervals between sessions
Used when skill is: low organised(break it down), complex, serial, continuous
✅- allows feedback and recovery time
❌- time consuming,
Eg swimming stoke
What is varied practice when is it used
✅ and ❌
Changing the type of practice eg the skills and drills
Used when skill is: open, externally paced, complex
✅- keeps motivation high, prevents boredom
❌- time consuming, fatigue
Eg different drills for football pass
What is mental practice when would it be used
✅ and ❌
Going over the skill in our head without movement
Used when skill: serial and complex
✅- increase confidence, reduce anxiety
❌- must be correct, environment must be calm
Eg going over trampoline routine
WhatI learning
Permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice
What are the stages of learning
-cognitive stage
-associative stage
-autonomous stage
What is the cognitive stage
-a lot of errors
-skill isn’t fluent
-requires attention
-good model
-feedback and practice
What is the associative stage
Less errors, more fluent
-more accurate
- intrinsic feedback, kinesthetic
-rapid Improvemnt
What is the autonomous stage
Skill becomes automatic, less conscious attention
-efficient, smooth, fluent
-analyse own performance
-motor programme fully developed
Diff types of feedback
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Positive
Negative
What is extrinsic and intrinsic feedback
Extrinsic - feedback from outside/ external source eg coach or score card
Intrinsic- feedback from within eg kinesthetic
What is positive and negative
Poisitve - what was good about the performance (encouragement)
Negative- what was bad about the performance (error correction)
What is knowledge of results and knowledge of performance
Knowledge of results- success shown by outcome eg did the ball go in the basket (objective)
Knowledge of performance- how well did you perform eg about technique (subjective)
What is plateau
Period in performance of no improvement
Causes of plateau
-lack of motivation
-fatigue
-boredom
-goals set too lown
-poor coaching
Solutions of plateau
-positve reinfiecment and praise
-better coach
-rest
-add varies practice
-set challenging goals that are still achievable
Different guidance
Visual guidance-
Verbal guidance
Manual guidance
Mechanical guidance
What is visual guidance
✅ and ❌
guidance that can be seen eg demonstation- creates mental image for a performer
✅-highlight weakness’ and correct technique
❌-demonstation must be completely accurate otherwise copied wrong
What is verbal guidance
An explanation of task
Often used with visual guidance - language must be undeestanvake
❌- if too much or too complex can overwhelm player
language must be understandable
What is manual guidance
Physical support of task eg aiding gymnast with a flip
✅- eliminate danger or injury
Helps build confidence
Reduce anxiety
❌may become dependent on support eg loose confidence
What is mechanical guidance
Artificial aid to help skill eg harness on trampoline
✅builds confidence
Eliminates danger of injury
Developed fluency of movement
Good for disabled athletes or those recovering from injury
❌-become dependent on it reduce confidence
What are the theories of learning
Social learning theory (bandura)
Constructivism theory (vygotsky)
Insight learning theory (gestaltist)
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning
The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct behaviour is repeated
-Based on Trial and error
-shapes behaviour
-stimulous response bond
positive reinforcement - pleasant stimulus given to correct behaviour to increase likelihood of it being repeated eg trophy after winning
Negative reinforcement- taking away an unpleasant stimulus to encourage correct behaviour
Punishment -an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions reccuring.
Observational learning (SLT)
Bandura
- learn from watching others and copy successful behaviour
>long ARMM
-attention - focus on model
Retention - remember the model to copy
Motor reproduction - have the mental and physical ability to do the skill
Motivation - drive to be successful
Constructivism
Vygotsky- build on what you know from others who are more experienced
Inter-psychological learning- learning from others eg MKO more knowledgable other eg coach that gives feedback, advice and tactical knowledge.
Intra-psychological learning- learning from within what you can do on your own
Zone of optimal development- three levels of performance to assess what get need to improve on
-what they can do alone
-what they can do with the help of MKO
-what they can’t do yet
What is insight learning
Gestaltist-using experience and existing knowledge to solve problems happens all of a sudden (epiphany) focus on the whole task
-eg dancing can’t generate enough speed to complete turn so works out to pull her arms closer to her chest go complete her turn.
How can a coach use the learning theories to improve performance
Operant conditioning-
give trophy for winning race - positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement- coach stops shouting when correct behaviour occurs.
Punishment- sub player when they’re rude to ref
Observational learning (SLT)
-use model that is high status, loud bright attractive so easier to remember can improve technique by watching someone w perfect technique.
Constructivism- vygotsky
Use zone of proximinal development to see what they need to learn next and build up their skill, build on skill from watching and taking advice from MKO’s. (inter-psychological learning)
Insight learning (gestaltist)
3000m runner figuring out the pass they have to be running during each part of the race to finish as fast as possible using info from past experiences eg need a faster start time.
