2.0 Skill Aquisition

Question 1

What are characteristics of a skill

Answer 1

-Aesthetically pleasing- looks good
-consistant- high success rate
-fluent and efficient - perform skill with minimal energy with high success
-accurate - eg penality taker aiming for goal

Question 2

What is a skill

Answer 2

The learned ability to bring about predetermined results

Question 3

What are the different types of skills

Answer 3

Open skill
Closed skill
Gross skill
Fine skill
Self-paced skill
Externally-paced skill

Question 4

What are open and closed skills

Answer 4

Open- unpredictable environment eg goal keeper
Closed - predictable environment eg javlin

Question 5

What are gross and fine skills

Answer 5

Gross- large muscle groups eg rugby tackle
Fine- small muscle groups, used for fine precise movements eg darts

Question 6

What at self-paced and externally-paced skills

Answer 6

Self-paced- you control start and speed of skill eg high jump
Externally-paced- outside force controls start and speed eg rugby

Question 7

What is a discrete skill

Answer 7

Skill with a clear beginning and end eg tennis serve

Question 8

What is a continuous skill

Answer 8

Skill without a clear beginning or end eg cycling

Question 9

What is a serial skill

Answer 9

Skill that contains several discrete skills to make a movement eg dance routine or triple jump

Question 10

What is a low-orgniased skill
What is a high-orgamises skill

Answer 10

Low-Can be easily split into sub-routines eg swimming stroke

High- can not be easily broken down so practised in its entirety eg golf swing

Question 11

What does transfer of learning mean

Answer 11

Transfer- effect of learning one skill on the learning of another

Question 12

What is positive and negative transfer

Answer 12

Positive- learning of one skill helps the learning of another eg netbakk and basketball pass

Negative- learning of one skill hinders the learning of another eg tennis and badminton serve

Question 13

What is zero transfer
What is bilateral transfeen

Answer 13

Zero transfer - learning of one skill doesn’t effect the learning of another eg boxing kick and netball thrown

Bilateral transfer- learning of one skill is passed across the body from one limb to the other eg left hook and right hook

Question 14

What are the different methods of presenting practice

Answer 14

Whole practice-
Whole part whole -
Progressive part practice

Question 15

What is whole practice
When is it used
✅ and ❌

Answer 15

-Skill practiced in its entirety

Uses when skill is- discrete, self-paced,simple,high organised,closed, fast

✅-flency, develop kinesthesis, not time consuming
❌- fatigue, not for beginners no time for feedback

Eg tennis serve, golf swing

Question 16

What is whole part whole practice
When is it used
❌ and ✅

Answer 16

Do whole task identify weakness, work on it then perform it all together.

Used when skill is: complex, fast

✅- improve weakness

❌- time consuming

Eg somersault

Question 17

What is progressive past
When is it used
✅ and ❌

Answer 17

Practice first part of skill and gradually add others

Used when skill is- low-organised, serial, complex,

✅- reduce fatigue, perfect each part,

❌- time consuming

Question 18

What are the different types of practice

Answer 18

Massed practice
Distributed practice
Varied practice
Mental practice

Question 19

What is masses practice when is it used
✅ and ❌

Answer 19

No rest intervals

Used when skill is: highly organised, self-paced, simple, discrete, closed

✅- improve fitness,not time consuming,

❌- no time for feedback, fatigue

Eg- basket ball player practising free throw

Question 20

What is distributed practice when is it used
✅ and ❌

Answer 20

Rest intervals between sessions

Used when skill is: low organised(break it down), complex, serial, continuous

✅- allows feedback and recovery time

❌- time consuming,

Eg swimming stoke

Question 21

What is varied practice when is it used
✅ and ❌

Answer 21

Changing the type of practice eg the skills and drills

Used when skill is: open, externally paced, complex

✅- keeps motivation high, prevents boredom

❌- time consuming, fatigue

Eg different drills for football pass

Question 22

What is mental practice when would it be used
✅ and ❌

Answer 22

Going over the skill in our head without movement

Used when skill: serial and complex

✅- increase confidence, reduce anxiety

❌- must be correct, environment must be calm

Eg going over trampoline routine

Question 23

WhatI learning

Answer 23

Permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice

Question 24

What are the stages of learning

Answer 24

-cognitive stage
-associative stage
-autonomous stage

Question 25

What is the cognitive stage

Answer 25

-a lot of errors
-skill isn’t fluent
-requires attention
-good model
-feedback and practice

Question 26

What is the associative stage

Answer 26

Less errors, more fluent
-more accurate
- intrinsic feedback, kinesthetic
-rapid Improvemnt

Question 27

What is the autonomous stage

Answer 27

Skill becomes automatic, less conscious attention
-efficient, smooth, fluent
-analyse own performance
-motor programme fully developed

Question 28

Diff types of feedback

Answer 28

Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Positive
Negative

Question 29

What is extrinsic and intrinsic feedback

Answer 29

Extrinsic - feedback from outside/ external source eg coach or score card

Intrinsic- feedback from within eg kinesthetic

Question 30

What is positive and negative

Answer 30

Poisitve - what was good about the performance (encouragement)

Negative- what was bad about the performance (error correction)

Question 31

What is knowledge of results and knowledge of performance

Answer 31

Knowledge of results- success shown by outcome eg did the ball go in the basket (objective)

Knowledge of performance- how well did you perform eg about technique (subjective)

Question 32

What is plateau

Answer 32

Period in performance of no improvement

Question 33

Causes of plateau

Answer 33

-lack of motivation
-fatigue
-boredom
-goals set too lown
-poor coaching

Question 34

Solutions of plateau

Answer 34

-positve reinfiecment and praise
-better coach
-rest
-add varies practice
-set challenging goals that are still achievable

Question 35

Different guidance

Answer 35

Visual guidance-
Verbal guidance
Manual guidance
Mechanical guidance

Question 36

What is visual guidance
✅ and ❌

Answer 36

guidance that can be seen eg demonstation- creates mental image for a performer

✅-highlight weakness’ and correct technique

❌-demonstation must be completely accurate otherwise copied wrong

Question 37

What is verbal guidance

Answer 37

An explanation of task

Often used with visual guidance - language must be undeestanvake

❌- if too much or too complex can overwhelm player
language must be understandable

Question 38

What is manual guidance

Answer 38

Physical support of task eg aiding gymnast with a flip

✅- eliminate danger or injury
Helps build confidence
Reduce anxiety

❌may become dependent on support eg loose confidence

Question 39

What is mechanical guidance

Answer 39

Artificial aid to help skill eg harness on trampoline

✅builds confidence
Eliminates danger of injury
Developed fluency of movement
Good for disabled athletes or those recovering from injury

❌-become dependent on it reduce confidence

Question 40

What are the theories of learning

Answer 40

Social learning theory (bandura)
Constructivism theory (vygotsky)
Insight learning theory (gestaltist)
Operant conditioning

Question 41

Operant conditioning

Answer 41

The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct behaviour is repeated
-Based on Trial and error
-shapes behaviour
-stimulous response bond

positive reinforcement - pleasant stimulus given to correct behaviour to increase likelihood of it being repeated eg trophy after winning

Negative reinforcement- taking away an unpleasant stimulus to encourage correct behaviour

Punishment -an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions reccuring.

Question 42

Observational learning (SLT)

Answer 42

Bandura
- learn from watching others and copy successful behaviour
>long ARMM
-attention - focus on model
Retention - remember the model to copy
Motor reproduction - have the mental and physical ability to do the skill
Motivation - drive to be successful

Question 43

Constructivism

Answer 43

Vygotsky- build on what you know from others who are more experienced

Inter-psychological learning- learning from others eg MKO more knowledgable other eg coach that gives feedback, advice and tactical knowledge.
Intra-psychological learning- learning from within what you can do on your own

Zone of optimal development- three levels of performance to assess what get need to improve on
-what they can do alone
-what they can do with the help of MKO
-what they can’t do yet

Question 44

What is insight learning

Answer 44

Gestaltist-using experience and existing knowledge to solve problems happens all of a sudden (epiphany) focus on the whole task
-eg dancing can’t generate enough speed to complete turn so works out to pull her arms closer to her chest go complete her turn.

Question 45

How can a coach use the learning theories to improve performance

Answer 45

Operant conditioning-
give trophy for winning race - positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement- coach stops shouting when correct behaviour occurs.
Punishment- sub player when they’re rude to ref

Observational learning (SLT)
-use model that is high status, loud bright attractive so easier to remember can improve technique by watching someone w perfect technique.

Constructivism- vygotsky
Use zone of proximinal development to see what they need to learn next and build up their skill, build on skill from watching and taking advice from MKO’s. (inter-psychological learning)

Insight learning (gestaltist)
3000m runner figuring out the pass they have to be running during each part of the race to finish as fast as possible using info from past experiences eg need a faster start time.