1.2 Respiratory System

Question 1

Passage of air

Answer 1

New, people, love, to, be, bitchy, ay
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

Question 2

Muscles used during inspiration at rest and exercise
Q- describe the mechanisms of breathing at rest and exercise

Answer 2

Rest- diaphragm, external intercostals

Exercise- diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor.

Question 3

Muscles used during expiration at rest and exercise

Answer 3

Rest- (passive) diaphragm, external intercostals - relax

Exercise- internal intercostals and abdominals

Question 4

Gaseous exchange at the alveoli

Answer 4

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (high concentration) into the blood capillary (low concentration)
Whilst CO2 diffuses from the blood capillary (high concentration) into the alveolus (low concentration)

Question 5

Gaseous exchange at the muscles

Answer 5

oxygen diffuses from blood capillaries (high concentration) into the muscles (low concentration) to provide working muscles with oxygen during exercise.

CO2 diffuses out the muscle (high concentration) into the blood capillary (low concentration)

Question 6

Alveoli features that assists gaseous exchange

Answer 6

Large surface area - more diffused at once
High capillary density (rich oxygen supply)
Thin walls (1 cell thick) short distance for diffusion

Question 7

What is haemoglobin

Answer 7

Attaches to oxygen in red blood cells to transport it around the body

Question 8

What is tidal volume

Answer 8

Volume of aid breathed in or out per breath

-increases during exercise

Question 9

What is inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 9

Volume of air you can forcibly breath in after a normal breath

-decreases during exercise

Question 10

What is expiratory reserve volume

Answer 10

Amount of air you can forcibly breath out after a normal breath
-decrease during exercise

Question 11

What is residue volume

Answer 11

Volume of air that remains in lungs after maximum expiration
-remains the same to stop lungs collapsing

Question 12

What is minute ventilation and its equation

Answer 12

Volume of air breathed in or our per minute
-big increase during exercise

Minute ventilation (l/m) = number of breaths/ min x tidal volume (l)

Question 13

What’s the function of the respiratory systen

Answer 13

For gaseous exchange 02 in CO2 out

Question 14

Regulations of pulmonary ventilation during exercise

Answer 14

-neural control
-chemical control
-hormonal control

Question 15

Neural and chemical regulation of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 15

MAIN INFO- Chemoreceptors detects increases CO2 or increase blood acidity
Then sends impulse to the inspiratory centre to increase ventilation until blood acidity has retuned to normal.

Baroreceptors detect decrease in blood pressure then send impulse to inspiratory centre to increase ventilation until blood pressure goes normal again.

Question 16

Hormonal regulation of pulmonary ventilation

Answer 16

Adrenaline is released into the body (via adrenal gland) due to anticipation of exercise. We need increase breathing rate to get more oxygen to working muscles and remove carbon dioxide

^Anticipatory rise

Question 17

Effects of smoking on respiratory system

Answer 17

-Increase breathlessness caused by narrowing of the lungs airways
-cilia push out mucus from the lungs but when they’re damaged they can’t do this leading to excess mucus build up in lungs = smokers cough
-risk of COPD
-effects oxygen transport as carbon monoxide from the cigarettes combines with the haemoglobin quicker than oxygen. = breathlessness